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Invitae Epilepsy Panel
Test description
The Invitae Epilepsy Panel analyzes up to 187 genes that are associated with both syndromic and nonsyndromic causes of epilepsy, a common neurological disease characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures. These genes were curated based on the available evidence to date in order to provide a comprehensive analysis for inherited epilepsy.
Given the clinical overlap between different epilepsy disorders, comprehensive testing allows for more efficient evaluation of multiple conditions based on a single indication for testing. Identification of the molecular basis of disease in an affected individual may confirm diagnosis, predict prognosis, and encourage testing of additional family members to inform reproductive risk.
Note: Invitae’s assay includes sequencing and deletion analysis of UBE3A but does not detect uniparental disomy or imprinting center defects.
Genes tested
Primary panel
ADSL ALDH5A1 ALDH7A1 ALG13 ARHGEF9 ARX ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATRX BRAT1 C12orf57 CACNA1A CACNA2D2 CARS2 CASK CDKL5 CHD2 CHRNA2 CHRNA4 CHRNB2 CLCN4 CLN2 (TPP1) CLN3 CLN5 CLN6 CLN8 CNTNAP2 CSTB CTSD DEPDC5 DNAJC5 DNM1 DOCK7 DYRK1A EEF1A2 EFHC1 EHMT1 EPM2A FARS2 FOLR1 FOXG1 FRRS1L GABBR2 GABRA1 GABRB2 GABRB3 GABRG2 GAMT GATM GLRA1 GNAO1 GOSR2 GRIN1 GRIN2A GRIN2B HCN1 HNRNPU IER3IP1 IQSEC2 ITPA JMJD1C KANSL1 KCNA2 KCNB1 KCNC1 KCNH2 KCNJ10 KCNMA1 KCNQ2 KCNQ3 KCNT1 KCTD7 LGI1 LIAS MBD5 MECP2 MEF2C MFSD8 MTOR NEDD4L NEXMIF NGLY1 NHLRC1 NPRL3 NRXN1 PACS1 PCDH19 PIGA PIGN PIGO PLCB1 PNKD PNKP PNPO POLG PPT1 PRICKLE1 PRIMA1 PRRT2 PURA QARS RELN ROGDI SATB2 SCARB2 SCN1A SCN1B SCN2A SCN3A SCN8A SCN9A SERPINI1 SGCE SIK1 SLC12A5 SLC13A5 SLC19A3 SLC25A12 SLC25A22 SLC2A1 SLC35A2 SLC6A1 SLC6A8 SLC9A6 SMC1A SNX27 SPATA5 SPTAN1 ST3GAL5 STRADA STX1B STXBP1 SYN1 SYNGAP1 SYNJ1 SZT2 TBC1D24 TCF4 TPK1 TSC1 TSC2 UBE3A WDR45 WWOX ZDHHC9 ZEB2
Add-on Preliminary-evidence Genes for Epilepsy
ABAT ARHGEF15 ATP6AP2 CACNA1H CACNB4 CASR CERS1 CNTN2 CPA6 DIAPH1 FASN GABRD GAL GPHN KCNA1 KCND2 KCNH5 KPNA7 LMNB2 NECAP1 PIGG PIGQ PIK3AP1 PRDM8 PRICKLE2 RBFOX1 RBFOX3 RYR3 SCN5A SETD2 SLC35A3 SNAP25 SRPX2 ST3GAL3 TBL1XR1
Preliminary-evidence genes currently have early evidence of a clinical association with the specific disease covered by this test. Some clinicians may wish to include genes which do not currently have a definitive clinical association, but which may prove to be clinically significant in the future. These genes can be added at no additional charge. Visit our Preliminary-evidence genes page to learn more.
Add-on Genes for Glycine Encephalopathy
AMT GCSH GLDC
In addition to the primary panel, clinicians can choose to include three genes that are associated with glycine encephalopathy, which can cause encephalopathy, hypotonia, seizures, and elevated plasma and CSF glycine levels. If clinically indicated, these gene can be added at no additional charge.
Add-on FLNA Gene
FLNA
In addition to the primary Epilepsy panel, clinicians can choose to include the FLNA gene that is associated with disorders that are broadly categorized as neuronal migration disorders and otopalatodigital spectrum disorders. Periventricular nodular heterotopia is a neuronal migration disorder characterized by seizures and nodules lining the edges of the lateral cerebral ventricles, along with variable presence of persistent patent ductus arteriosus, coagulopathy, connective tissue and vascular anomalies, and/or gastrointestinal dysmotility (PMID: 15917206, 19917821). Periventricular nodular heterotopia predominantly affects females due to the severity of this condition in males (PMID: 15917206). If clinically indicated, this gene can be added at no additional charge.
Add-on PTEN Gene
PTEN
In addition to the primary Epilepsy panel, clinicians can choose to include the PTEN gene that is associated with PTEN-related autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with or without macrocephaly. ASDs are characterized by impairments in social interactions and communication, developmental delays, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors. Autism is often associated with other neurological conditions including epilepsy (PMID: 20510557, 24580998). If clinically indicated, this gene can be added at no additional charge.
Add-on RANBP2 Gene
RANBP2
In addition to the primary panel, clinicians can choose to include the RANBP2 gene that is associated with infection-induced acute necrotizing encephalopathy, an environmentally triggered disease in which previously healthy children develop encephalopathy, seizures, and rapid progression to coma, typically within days of onset of a common febrile infection (PMID: 19118815). If clinically indicated, this gene can be added at no additional charge.
Order test
Primary panel (146 genes)
Customized gene selection (0 included, 0 excluded)
ADSL ALDH5A1 ALDH7A1 ALG13 ARHGEF9 ARX ATP1A2 ATP1A3 ATRX BRAT1 C12orf57 CACNA1A CACNA2D2 CARS2 CASK CDKL5 CHD2 CHRNA2 CHRNA4 CHRNB2 CLCN4 CLN2 (TPP1) CLN3 CLN5 CLN6 CLN8 CNTNAP2 CSTB CTSD DEPDC5 DNAJC5 DNM1 DOCK7 DYRK1A EEF1A2 EFHC1 EHMT1 EPM2A FARS2 FOLR1 FOXG1 FRRS1L GABBR2 GABRA1 GABRB2 GABRB3 GABRG2 GAMT GATM GLRA1 GNAO1 GOSR2 GRIN1 GRIN2A GRIN2B HCN1 HNRNPU IER3IP1 IQSEC2 ITPA JMJD1C KANSL1 KCNA2 KCNB1 KCNC1 KCNH2 KCNJ10 KCNMA1 KCNQ2 KCNQ3 KCNT1 KCTD7 LGI1 LIAS MBD5 MECP2 MEF2C MFSD8 MTOR NEDD4L NEXMIF NGLY1 NHLRC1 NPRL3 NRXN1 PACS1 PCDH19 PIGA PIGN PIGO PLCB1 PNKD PNKP PNPO POLG PPT1 PRICKLE1 PRIMA1 PRRT2 PURA QARS RELN ROGDI SATB2 SCARB2 SCN1A SCN1B SCN2A SCN3A SCN8A SCN9A SERPINI1 SGCE SIK1 SLC12A5 SLC13A5 SLC19A3 SLC25A12 SLC25A22 SLC2A1 SLC35A2 SLC6A1 SLC6A8 SLC9A6 SMC1A SNX27 SPATA5 SPTAN1 ST3GAL5 STRADA STX1B STXBP1 SYN1 SYNGAP1 SYNJ1 SZT2 TBC1D24 TCF4 TPK1 TSC1 TSC2 UBE3A WDR45 WWOX ZDHHC9 ZEB2
Add-on Preliminary-evidence Genes for Epilepsy (35 genes)
Customized gene selection (0 included, 0 excluded)
Preliminary-evidence genes currently have early evidence of a clinical association with the specific disease covered by this test. Some clinicians may wish to include genes which do not currently have a definitive clinical association, but which may prove to be clinically significant in the future. These genes can be added at no additional charge. Visit our Preliminary-evidence genes page to learn more.
ABAT ARHGEF15 ATP6AP2 CACNA1H CACNB4 CASR CERS1 CNTN2 CPA6 DIAPH1 FASN GABRD GAL GPHN KCNA1 KCND2 KCNH5 KPNA7 LMNB2 NECAP1 PIGG PIGQ PIK3AP1 PRDM8 PRICKLE2 RBFOX1 RBFOX3 RYR3 SCN5A SETD2 SLC35A3 SNAP25 SRPX2 ST3GAL3 TBL1XR1
Add-on Genes for Glycine Encephalopathy (3 genes)
Customized gene selection (0 included, 0 excluded)
In addition to the primary panel, clinicians can choose to include three genes that are associated with glycine encephalopathy, which can cause encephalopathy, hypotonia, seizures, and elevated plasma and CSF glycine levels. If clinically indicated, these gene can be added at no additional charge.
AMT GCSH GLDC
Add-on FLNA Gene (1 gene)
Customized gene selection (0 included, 0 excluded)
In addition to the primary Epilepsy panel, clinicians can choose to include the FLNA gene that is associated with disorders that are broadly categorized as neuronal migration disorders and otopalatodigital spectrum disorders. Periventricular nodular heterotopia is a neuronal migration disorder characterized by seizures and nodules lining the edges of the lateral cerebral ventricles, along with variable presence of persistent patent ductus arteriosus, coagulopathy, connective tissue and vascular anomalies, and/or gastrointestinal dysmotility (PMID: 15917206, 19917821). Periventricular nodular heterotopia predominantly affects females due to the severity of this condition in males (PMID: 15917206). If clinically indicated, this gene can be added at no additional charge.
FLNA
Add-on PTEN Gene (1 gene)
Customized gene selection (0 included, 0 excluded)
In addition to the primary Epilepsy panel, clinicians can choose to include the PTEN gene that is associated with PTEN-related autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with or without macrocephaly. ASDs are characterized by impairments in social interactions and communication, developmental delays, and restricted and/or repetitive behaviors. Autism is often associated with other neurological conditions including epilepsy (PMID: 20510557, 24580998). If clinically indicated, this gene can be added at no additional charge.
PTEN
Add-on RANBP2 Gene (1 gene)
Customized gene selection (0 included, 0 excluded)
In addition to the primary panel, clinicians can choose to include the RANBP2 gene that is associated with infection-induced acute necrotizing encephalopathy, an environmentally triggered disease in which previously healthy children develop encephalopathy, seizures, and rapid progression to coma, typically within days of onset of a common febrile infection (PMID: 19118815). If clinically indicated, this gene can be added at no additional charge.
RANBP2
Alternative tests to consider
The Invitae Epilepsy panel includes a subset of genes associated with congenital, infantile and childhood onset neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs). NCLs are a group of inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders that result in defective sphingolipid synthesis and the accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments in the central nervous system and are characterized by progressive decline, which can include psychomotor and cognitive decline, seizures, epilepsy, and early death. In some NCLs, developmental delay, speech delay, ataxia, cerebellar and cerebral atrophy, visual decline, hand stereotypies, sleep disturbances, behavioral/psychiatric disturbances, or additional brain MRI findings may develop. Given clinical overlap of NCL with epilepsy disorders, comprehensive analysis of the genes associated with all clinical subtypes of NCL may be more appropriate. If clinically indicated, the Invitae Comprehensive Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses Panel should considered and can be ordered instead of this panel. See link below for more information about the Invitae Comprehensive NCL panel.
Clinical information
Disorders tested
- adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency
- alpha-thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability (ATRX) syndrome
- Angelman syndrome
- Angelman-like syndrome
- autosomal dominant childhood onset epilepsy
- autosomal dominant lateral temporal lobe epilepsy
- autosomal dominant mental retardation
- autosomal dominant familial hemiplegic migraine
- benign familial infantile seizures
- benign familial neonatal seizures
- benign familial neonatal-infantile seizures
- cerebral creatine deficiency syndrome
- cerebral folate deficiency
- childhood absence epilepsy
- CLN2 disease
- combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 27
- congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1s
- cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome (CDFES)
- Dravet syndrome
- early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE)
- familial focal epilepsy with variable foci
- familial paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia
- generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+)
- generalized epilepsy and paroxysmal dyskinesia
- Glass syndrome
- GLUT1 deficiency syndrome
- hyperphosphatasia with intellectual disability syndrome
- idiopathic generalized epilepsy
- intellectual disability
- intractable childhood epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures
- juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
- Kleefstra syndrome
- Kohlschütter-Tönz syndrome
- Koolen-de Vries syndrome
- MEF2C-related intellectual disability
- microcephaly, epilepsy, and diabetes syndrome (MEDS)
- Mowat-Wilson syndrome
- multiple congenital anomalies-hypotonia-seizures syndrome 1 (MCAHS1)
- neonatal-lethal rigidity and multifocal seizure syndrome (RFMSL)
- neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
- nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy
- NGLY1-congenital disorder of glycosylation
- Ohtahara syndrome
- Phelan-McDermid syndrome
- Pitt-Hopkins syndrome
- Pitt-Hopkins-like syndrome
- progressive microcephaly with seizures and cerebral and cerebellar atrophy
- progressive myoclonic epilepsy
- pyridoxal 5’-phosphate dependent epilepsy
- pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy
- pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency
- Rett syndrome
- atypical Rett syndrome
- congenital Rett syndrome
- SCN8A-related early infantile epileptic encephalopathy
- succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency
- sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)
- thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome 5, episodic encephalopathy type
- tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
- West syndrome
Clinical description
As defined by the International League Against Epilepsy, epilepsy is a common neurological disease that is characterized by two or more unprovoked seizures occurring 24 hours apart. Erratic electrical activity in the brain results in seizures, which may present as abnormal movements such as convulsions or jerks or as behaviors such as staring blankly. The location of the abnormal electrical activity in the brain is used to classify seizures into two categories: generalized and partial. Generalized seizures occur due to abnormal electrical activity originating from both hemispheres of the brain and include absence, myoclonic, clonic, tonic, and atonic seizures. The types of movements or behaviors that occur are used to further classify the type of generalized seizure. Partial (focal) seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity restricted to a localized region of the brain and are further categorized as simple (conscious), complex (unconscious) and partial with secondary generalization (initially maintains consciousness but evolves into a loss of consciousness). In some cases, focal seizures eventually evolve into generalized seizures. Epilepsy may present as an isolated finding or as part of a broader phenotype. Several syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders include epilepsy as a prominent feature.
Clinical sensitivity
The clinical sensitivity of this test is dependent on the patient’s underlying genetic condition. The percentage of clinical cases in which a pathogenic variant is expected to be identified through analysis of genes on this panel in association with EIEE and Rett/Angelman syndrome and related disorders can be found:
- For genes associated with early infantile epileptic encephalopathies, please refer to the EIEE clinical sensitivity table.
- For gene associated with early-onset developmental disorders related to the Rett/Angelman spectrum, please refer to the Rett/Angelman and related disorders clinical sensitivity table.
The estimated overall positive result rate is 20-25% with infantile epilepsy with the highest rate at 22% and childhood epilepsy rate at 10%. The Invitae Epilepsy Panel is expected to have a positive result rate at approximately 17% (PMID: 20100225, 19153375, 21481738).
Inheritance
Inherited epilepsy disorders can occur in several inheritance patterns, including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked.
Prevalence/Incidence
Epilepsy is the third-most-common neurological disorder, with a prevalence of 4-8 in 1000.
References
- Zara, F, et al. Genetic testing in benign familial epilepsies of the first year of life: clinical and diagnostic significance. Epilepsia. 2013; 54(3):425-36. PMID: 23360469
- Depienne, C, et al. Sporadic infantile epileptic encephalopathy caused by mutations in PCDH19 resembles Dravet syndrome but mainly affects females. PLoS Genet. 2009; 5(2):e1000381. PMID: 19214208
- Marini, C, et al. Protocadherin 19 mutations in girls with infantile-onset epilepsy. Neurology. 2010; 75(7):646-53. PMID: 20713952
- Kurahashi, H, Hirose, S. Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy. 2002 May 16. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews(®) (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle. PMID: 20301348
- Heron, SE, et al. Missense mutations in the sodium-gated potassium channel gene KCNT1 cause severe autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Nat. Genet. 2012; 44(11):1188-90. PMID: 23086396
- Ottman, R, et al. Genetic testing in the epilepsies--report of the ILAE Genetics Commission. Epilepsia. 2010; 51(4):655-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02429.x. PMID: 20100225
- Fisher, RS, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014; 55(4):475-82. PMID: 24730690
- Deprez, L, et al. Genetics of epilepsy syndromes starting in the first year of life. Neurology. 2009; 72(3):273-81. PMID: 19153375
- Pong, AW, et al. Developments in molecular genetic diagnostics: an update for the pediatric epilepsy specialist. Pediatr. Neurol. 2011; 44(5):317-27. PMID: 21481738
Assay
Assay and technical information
Invitae is a College of American Pathologists (CAP)-accredited and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified clinical diagnostic laboratory performing full-gene sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis using next-generation sequencing technology (NGS).
Our sequence analysis covers clinically important regions of each gene, including coding exons, +/- 10 base pairs of adjacent intronic sequence in the transcript listed below. In addition, analysis covers the select non-coding variants specifically defined in the table below. Any variants that fall outside these regions are not analyzed. Any specific limitations in the analysis of these genes are also listed in the table below.
Based on validation study results, this assay achieves >99% analytical sensitivity and specificity for single nucleotide variants, insertions and deletions <15bp in length, and exon-level deletions and duplications. Invitae's methods also detect insertions and deletions larger than 15bp but smaller than a full exon but sensitivity for these may be marginally reduced. Invitae’s deletion/duplication analysis determines copy number at a single exon resolution at virtually all targeted exons. However, in rare situations, single-exon copy number events may not be analyzed due to inherent sequence properties or isolated reduction in data quality. Certain types of variants, such as structural rearrangements (e.g. inversions, gene conversion events, translocations, etc.) or variants embedded in sequence with complex architecture (e.g. short tandem repeats or segmental duplications), may not be detected. Additionally, it may not be possible to fully resolve certain details about variants, such as mosaicism, phasing, or mapping ambiguity. Unless explicitly guaranteed, sequence changes in the promoter, non-coding exons, and other non-coding regions are not covered by this assay. Please consult the test definition on our website for details regarding regions or types of variants that are covered or excluded for this test. This report reflects the analysis of an extracted genomic DNA sample. In very rare cases, (circulating hematolymphoid neoplasm, bone marrow transplant, recent blood transfusion) the analyzed DNA may not represent the patient's constitutional genome.
Assay notes
ARX: Analysis is validated to detect polyalanine expansions but sensitivity may be reduced in heterozygous females. Family variant testing in female individuals is available when there is a confirmed expansion in a male relative.
UBE3A: Analysis includes sequencing and deletion analysis but does not detect uniparental disomy or imprinting center defects.
| Gene | Transcript reference | Sequencing analysis | Deletion/Duplication analysis |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABAT | NM_020686.5 | ||
| ADSL | NM_000026.2 | ||
| ALDH5A1 | NM_001080.3 | ||
| ALDH7A1 | NM_001182.4 | ||
| ALG13 | NM_001099922.2 | ||
| AMT | NM_000481.3 | ||
| ARHGEF15 | NM_173728.3 | ||
| ARHGEF9 | NM_015185.2; NM_001173479.1 | ||
| ARX* | NM_139058.2 | ||
| ATP1A2 | NM_000702.3 | ||
| ATP1A3 | NM_152296.4 | ||
| ATP6AP2 | NM_005765.2 | ||
| ATRX | NM_000489.4 | ||
| BRAT1 | NM_152743.3 | ||
| C12orf57 | NM_138425.3 | ||
| CACNA1A | NM_001127221.1 | ||
| CACNA1H | NM_021098.2 | ||
| CACNA2D2 | NM_006030.3 | ||
| CACNB4 | NM_000726.3 | ||
| CARS2 | NM_024537.3 | ||
| CASK | NM_003688.3 | ||
| CASR | NM_000388.3 | ||
| CDKL5 | NM_003159.2 | ||
| CERS1 | NM_021267.4 | ||
| CHD2 | NM_001271.3 | ||
| CHRNA2 | NM_000742.3 | ||
| CHRNA4 | NM_000744.6 | ||
| CHRNB2 | NM_000748.2 | ||
| CLCN4 | NM_001830.3 | ||
| CLN2 (TPP1) | NM_000391.3 | ||
| CLN3* | NM_001042432.1 | ||
| CLN5 | NM_006493.2 | ||
| CLN6 | NM_017882.2 | ||
| CLN8 | NM_018941.3 | ||
| CNTN2 | NM_005076.3 | ||
| CNTNAP2 | NM_014141.5 | ||
| CPA6 | NM_020361.4 | ||
| CSTB* | NM_000100.3 | ||
| CTSD | NM_001909.4 | ||
| DEPDC5 | NM_001242896.1 | ||
| DIAPH1 | NM_005219.4 | ||
| DNAJC5 | NM_025219.2 | ||
| DNM1 | NM_004408.3 | ||
| DOCK7 | NM_001271999.1 | ||
| DYRK1A | NM_001396.3 | ||
| EEF1A2 | NM_001958.3 | ||
| EFHC1 | NM_018100.3 | ||
| EHMT1 | NM_024757.4 | ||
| EPM2A | NM_005670.3 | ||
| FARS2 | NM_006567.3 | ||
| FASN | NM_004104.4 | ||
| FLNA | NM_001456.3 | ||
| FOLR1 | NM_016725.2 | ||
| FOXG1 | NM_005249.4 | ||
| FRRS1L | NM_014334.2 | ||
| GABBR2 | NM_005458.7 | ||
| GABRA1 | NM_000806.5 | ||
| GABRB2 | NM_021911.2 | ||
| GABRB3 | NM_000814.5 | ||
| GABRD | NM_000815.4 | ||
| GABRG2 | NM_000816.3 | ||
| GAL | NM_015973.3 | ||
| GAMT | NM_000156.5 | ||
| GATM | NM_001482.2 | ||
| GCSH | NM_004483.4 | ||
| GLDC | NM_000170.2 | ||
| GLRA1 | NM_000171.3 | ||
| GNAO1 | NM_020988.2 | ||
| GOSR2 | NM_004287.3 | ||
| GPHN | NM_020806.4 | ||
| GRIN1 | NM_007327.3 | ||
| GRIN2A | NM_000833.4 | ||
| GRIN2B | NM_000834.3 | ||
| HCN1 | NM_021072.3 | ||
| HNRNPU | NM_031844.2 | ||
| IER3IP1 | NM_016097.4 | ||
| IQSEC2 | NM_001111125.2 | ||
| ITPA | NM_033453.3 | ||
| JMJD1C | NM_032776.2 | ||
| KANSL1* | NM_001193466.1 | ||
| KCNA1 | NM_000217.2 | ||
| KCNA2 | NM_004974.3 | ||
| KCNB1 | NM_004975.2 | ||
| KCNC1 | NM_001112741.1 | ||
| KCND2 | NM_012281.2 | ||
| KCNH2 | NM_000238.3 | ||
| KCNH5 | NM_139318.4 | ||
| KCNJ10 | NM_002241.4 | ||
| KCNMA1 | NM_002247.3 | ||
| KCNQ2 | NM_172107.2 | ||
| KCNQ3 | NM_004519.3 | ||
| KCNT1 | NM_020822.2 | ||
| KCTD7 | NM_153033.4 | ||
| KPNA7 | NM_001145715.1 | ||
| LGI1 | NM_005097.2 | ||
| LIAS | NM_006859.3 | ||
| LMNB2 | NM_032737.3 | ||
| MBD5 | NM_018328.4 | ||
| MECP2 | NM_004992.3; NM_001110792.1 | ||
| MEF2C | NM_002397.4 | ||
| MFSD8 | NM_152778.2 | ||
| MTOR | NM_004958.3 | ||
| NECAP1 | NM_015509.3 | ||
| NEDD4L | NM_015277.5 | ||
| NEXMIF | NM_001008537.2 | ||
| NGLY1 | NM_018297.3 | ||
| NHLRC1 | NM_198586.2 | ||
| NPRL3 | NM_001077350.2 | ||
| NRXN1 | NM_001135659.1 | ||
| PACS1 | NM_018026.3 | ||
| PCDH19 | NM_001184880.1 | ||
| PIGA | NM_002641.3 | ||
| PIGG | NM_001127178.2 | ||
| PIGN | NM_176787.4 | ||
| PIGO | NM_032634.3 | ||
| PIGQ | NM_004204.3 | ||
| PIK3AP1 | NM_152309.2 | ||
| PLCB1 | NM_015192.3 | ||
| PNKD | NM_015488.4 | ||
| PNKP | NM_007254.3 | ||
| PNPO | NM_018129.3 | ||
| POLG | NM_002693.2 | ||
| PPT1* | NM_000310.3 | ||
| PRDM8 | NM_020226.3 | ||
| PRICKLE1 | NM_153026.2 | ||
| PRICKLE2 | NM_198859.3 | ||
| PRIMA1 | NM_178013.3 | ||
| PRRT2 | NM_145239.2 | ||
| PTEN* | NM_000314.4 | ||
| PURA | NM_005859.4 | ||
| QARS | NM_005051.2 | ||
| RANBP2 | NM_006267.4 | ||
| RBFOX1 | NM_145891.2 | ||
| RBFOX3 | NM_001082575.2 | ||
| RELN | NM_005045.3 | ||
| ROGDI | NM_024589.2 | ||
| RYR3 | NM_001036.4 | ||
| SATB2 | NM_015265.3 | ||
| SCARB2 | NM_005506.3 | ||
| SCN1A | NM_001165963.1 | ||
| SCN1B | NM_199037.3 | ||
| SCN2A | NM_021007.2 | ||
| SCN3A | NM_006922.3 | ||
| SCN5A | NM_198056.2 | ||
| SCN8A* | NM_014191.3 | ||
| SCN9A | NM_002977.3 | ||
| SERPINI1 | NM_005025.4 | ||
| SETD2 | NM_014159.6 | ||
| SGCE | NM_003919.2 | ||
| SIK1 | NM_173354.3 | ||
| SLC12A5 | NM_020708.4 | ||
| SLC13A5 | NM_177550.4 | ||
| SLC19A3 | NM_025243.3 | ||
| SLC25A12 | NM_003705.4 | ||
| SLC25A22 | NM_024698.5 | ||
| SLC2A1 | NM_006516.2 | ||
| SLC35A2 | NM_001042498.2 | ||
| SLC35A3 | NM_012243.2 | ||
| SLC6A1 | NM_003042.3 | ||
| SLC6A8 | NM_005629.3 | ||
| SLC9A6 | NM_006359.2 | ||
| SMC1A | NM_006306.3 | ||
| SNAP25 | NM_130811.2 | ||
| SNX27 | NM_030918.5 | ||
| SPATA5 | NM_145207.2 | ||
| SPTAN1 | NM_001130438.2 | ||
| SRPX2 | NM_014467.2 | ||
| ST3GAL3 | NM_006279.3 | ||
| ST3GAL5 | NM_003896.3 | ||
| STRADA | NM_001003787.2 | ||
| STX1B | NM_052874.4 | ||
| STXBP1 | NM_003165.3 | ||
| SYN1 | NM_133499.2 | ||
| SYNGAP1 | NM_006772.2 | ||
| SYNJ1 | NM_003895.3 | ||
| SZT2 | NM_015284.3 | ||
| TBC1D24 | NM_001199107.1 | ||
| TBL1XR1 | NM_024665.4 | ||
| TCF4 | NM_001083962.1 | ||
| TPK1 | NM_022445.3 | ||
| TSC1 | NM_000368.4 | ||
| TSC2 | NM_000548.3 | ||
| UBE3A | NM_130838.1 | ||
| WDR45 | NM_007075.3 | ||
| WWOX | NM_016373.3 | ||
| ZDHHC9 | NM_016032.3 | ||
| ZEB2 | NM_014795.3 |
ARX: Analysis is validated to detect polyalanine expansions but sensitivity may be reduced.
CLN3: Analysis includes the intronic variant NM_001042432.1; c.461-13G>C.
CSTB: Dodecamer repeat numbers in the 5' UTR are not determined.
KANSL1: Deletion/duplication analysis is not offered for exons 2-3.
PPT1: Analysis includes the large, mostly intronic deletion NM_000310.3:c.124+1215_235-102del3627 as well as the intronic variant NM_000310.3:c.125-15T>G.
PTEN: Deletion/duplication analysis covers the promoter region.
SCN8A: Analysis includes exon 6 of NM_001330260.1.
References
- Depienne, C, et al. Sporadic infantile epileptic encephalopathy caused by mutations in PCDH19 resembles Dravet syndrome but mainly affects females. PLoS Genet. 2009; 5(2):e1000381. PMID: 19214208
- Deprez, L, et al. Genetics of epilepsy syndromes starting in the first year of life. Neurology. 2009; 72(3):273-81. PMID: 19153375
- Fisher, RS, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014; 55(4):475-82. PMID: 24730690
- Heron, SE, et al. Missense mutations in the sodium-gated potassium channel gene KCNT1 cause severe autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Nat. Genet. 2012; 44(11):1188-90. PMID: 23086396
- Kurahashi, H, Hirose, S. Autosomal Dominant Nocturnal Frontal Lobe Epilepsy. 2002 May 16. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews(®) (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle. PMID: 20301348
- Marini, C, et al. Protocadherin 19 mutations in girls with infantile-onset epilepsy. Neurology. 2010; 75(7):646-53. PMID: 20713952
- Ottman, R, et al. Genetic testing in the epilepsies--report of the ILAE Genetics Commission. Epilepsia. 2010; 51(4):655-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02429.x. PMID: 20100225
- Pong, AW, et al. Developments in molecular genetic diagnostics: an update for the pediatric epilepsy specialist. Pediatr. Neurol. 2011; 44(5):317-27. PMID: 21481738
- Zara, F, et al. Genetic testing in benign familial epilepsies of the first year of life: clinical and diagnostic significance. Epilepsia. 2013; 54(3):425-36. PMID: 23360469
