Ordering
  • Test code: 01102
  • Turnaround time:
    10–21 calendar days (14 days on average)
  • Preferred specimen:
    3mL whole blood in a purple-top EDTA tube (K2EDTA or K3EDTA)
  • Alternate specimens:
    Saliva, assisted saliva, buccal swab and gDNA
  • Sample requirements
  • Request a sample kit
Billing
 
Print this page
  1. Test Catalog
  2. Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers Panel

Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers Panel

Test description

The Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers Panel analyzes 47 genes associated with cancers of the breast, ovary, uterus, prostate, and gastrointestinal system, which includes the stomach, colon, rectum, small bowel, and pancreas. The panel is designed to maximize diagnostic yield for individuals with a personal or family history of mixed cancers affecting these organ systems.

Genetic testing of these genes may confirm a diagnosis and help guide treatment and management decisions. Identification of a disease-causing variant would also guide testing and diagnosis of at-risk relatives. This test is specifically designed for heritable germline mutations and is not appropriate for the detection of somatic mutations in tumor tissue.

PTEN: Deletion/duplication analysis covers the promoter region.

Genes tested

APC ATM AXIN2 BARD1 BMPR1A BRCA1 BRCA2 BRIP1 CDH1 CDK4 CDKN2A CHEK2 CTNNA1 DICER1 EPCAM GREM1 HOXB13 KIT MEN1 MLH1 MSH2 MSH3 MSH6 MUTYH NBN NF1 NTHL1 PALB2 PDGFRA PMS2 POLD1 POLE PTEN RAD50 RAD51C RAD51D SDHA SDHB SDHC SDHD SMAD4 SMARCA4 STK11 TP53 TSC1 TSC2 VHL

Order test

Primary panel (47 genes)

APC ATM AXIN2 BARD1 BMPR1A BRCA1 BRCA2 BRIP1 CDH1 CDK4 CDKN2A CHEK2 CTNNA1 DICER1 EPCAM GREM1 HOXB13 KIT MEN1 MLH1 MSH2 MSH3 MSH6 MUTYH NBN NF1 NTHL1 PALB2 PDGFRA PMS2 POLD1 POLE PTEN RAD50 RAD51C RAD51D SDHA SDHB SDHC SDHD SMAD4 SMARCA4 STK11 TP53 TSC1 TSC2 VHL

Panel details and technical assay limitations

Clinical information

  • ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T)
  • constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMR-D)
  • Cowden and Cowden-like syndrome
  • DICER1 syndrome
  • familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
  • familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)
  • Fanconi anemia
  • hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC)
  • hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HGDC)
  • juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS)
  • Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS)
  • Lynch syndrome – also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
  • melanoma-pancreatic cancer syndrome (M-PCS)
  • multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)
  • MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP)
  • neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
  • Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS)
  • oligodontia-colorectal cancer syndrome
  • Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS)
  • rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome (RTPS)
  • tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)
  • von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL)

The Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers panel analyzes 47 genes associated with hereditary breast, ovarian, uterine, prostate, colorectal, gastric, melanoma, and pancreatic cancers. Individuals with a pathogenic variant in one of these genes have an increased risk of developing certain cancers, many of which may be difficult both to detect and to treat. Identifying those at high risk enables implementation of additional screening, surveillance, and interventions. These efforts may result in risk-reduction and early diagnosis, increasing the chances of successful treatment and survival.

Breast cancer: The average woman’s lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is 12%. Although there are a number of other genes associated with hereditary breast cancer, hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) due to pathogenic variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2 accounts for most cases in individuals with a strong family history or an early-onset diagnosis.

Ovarian: The general population risk for ovarian cancer is 1.3%. Lynch syndrome and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) due to pathogenic variants in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are common causes of inherited ovarian cancer, as are several other hereditary cancer genes.

Uterine: The general population risk for uterine cancer is 2.7%. Lynch syndrome is the most common inherited cause of uterine cancer, although there are a number of other hereditary cancer genes associated with this cancer type.

Prostate: A man’s lifetime risk for developing prostate cancer is 1 in 7 (15%). Inherited pathogenic variants in certain genes — particularly ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, CHEK2, EPCAM, HOXB13, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, NBN, PMS2, and TP53 — account for some cases of hereditary prostate cancer. Men with pathogenic variants in these genes have an increased risk of developing prostate cancer and, in some cases, other cancers as well.

Colorectal: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third-most-common cancer diagnosis in the United States. Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes are generally divided into two types, Lynch syndrome and polyposis syndromes. Lynch syndrome, also called hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), is caused by pathogenic variants in MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM and is the most common inherited cause of colorectal cancer. Polyposis syndromes are characterized by the development of numerous precancerous polyps, which may become malignant.

Gastric: Gastric cancer occurs in approximately 1 in 93 individuals in the general population. Gastric adenocarcinomas account for 90%-95% of gastric cancers and are further histologically divided into intestinal type and diffuse type. The most common cause of hereditary gastric cancer is a pathogenic variant in CDH1, which causes hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome, but there are a number of other genes associated with an increased risk for gastric tumors. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are characterized as sarcomas and are rare tumors of the GI tract that account for 1%-3% of all gastric cancers. The Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers panel includes genes that increase risk for each of these types of gastric tumors.

Pancreatic: There are two main types of pancreatic cancer: cancer of the exonic pancreas (pancreatic adenocarcinoma), which accounts for 95% of pancreatic tumors, and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Hereditary pancreatic cancer can be caused by BRCA2 and CDKN2A, as well as by several other genes. The Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers panel analyzes the genes that are most commonly associated with an increased risk for both types of pancreatic cancer.

Melanoma: Most cases of melanoma are isolated and sporadic. The number of individuals who have an inherited risk of melanoma is unknown, but it is thought to be low. Most heritable cases are due to pathogenic variants in the CDKN2A gene as well as several other genes.

Individuals with a pathogenic variant identified by the Invitae Common Hereditary Cancers Panel have an increased risk of malignancy compared to the average person, but not everyone with such a variant will actually develop cancer. Further, the same variant may manifest with different symptoms, even among family members. Because we cannot predict which cancers may develop, additional medical management strategies focused on cancer prevention and early detection may be beneficial.

For gene-associated cancer risks, download our Cancer risk poster.

All of the genes on this panel have autosomal dominant inheritance for hereditary cancer predisposition. Several of these genes also have autosomal recessive inheritance, or result in clinically distinct autosomal recessive conditions:

  • BRCA2, BRIP1, FANCC, PALB2, and RAD51C are associated with Fanconi anemia.
  • ATM and MRE11A are associated with ataxia-telangiectasia and ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder (ATLD), respectively.
  • MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6 are associated with constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMR-D).
  • MUTYH is associated with MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP).
  • MSH3 is associated with MSH3-associated polyposis.
  • NTHL1 is associated with NTHL1-associated polyposis.
  • NBN and RAD50 are associated with Nijmegen breakage syndrome and Nijmegen breakage syndrome-like disorder (NBSLD), respectively.

This panel may be considered for individuals with:

  • a clinical history indicative of a hereditary cancer syndrome but a limited pedigree due to small family size or adoption
  • a family history presenting with multiple cancer types that could fit the features of more than one hereditary cancer syndrome

There are also some common general features suggestive of a family with hereditary cancer syndrome. These include:

  • cancer diagnosed at an unusually young age
  • different types of cancer that have occurred independently in the same person
  • cancer that has developed in both organs of a set of paired organs (e.g., both kidneys, both breasts)
  • several close blood relatives that have the same type of cancer
  • unusual cases of a specific cancer type (e.g., male breast cancer)

  1. Thompson, ER, et al. Analysis of RAD51D in ovarian cancer patients and families with a history of ovarian or breast cancer. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(1):e54772. PMID: 23372765
  2. Weren, RD, et al. A germline homozygous mutation in the base-excision repair gene NTHL1 causes adenomatous polyposis and colorectal cancer. Nat. Genet. 2015; :None. PMID: 25938944
  3. Han, FF, et al. The effect of CHEK2 variant I157T on cancer susceptibility: evidence from a meta-analysis. DNA Cell Biol. 2013; 32(6):329-35. doi: 10.1089/dna.2013.1970. PMID: 23713947
  4. Spirio, L, et al. Alleles of the APC gene: an attenuated form of familial polyposis. Cell. 1993; 75(5):951-7. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90538-2. PMID: 8252630
  5. Benn, DE, et al. Clinical presentation and penetrance of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006; 91(3):827-36. PMID: 16317055
  6. Castéra, L, et al. Next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer using genomic capture targeting multiple candidate genes. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; 22(11):1305-13. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.16. PMID: 24549055
  7. Ciara, E, et al. Heterozygous germ-line mutations in the NBN gene predispose to medulloblastoma in pediatric patients. Acta Neuropathol. 2010; 119(3):325-34. PMID: 19908051
  8. Slade, I, et al. DICER1 syndrome: clarifying the diagnosis, clinical features and management implications of a pleiotropic tumour predisposition syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 2011; 48(4):273-8. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2010.083790. PMID: 21266384
  9. Kuiper, RP, Hoogerbrugge, N. NTHL1 defines novel cancer syndrome. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(33):34069-70. PMID: 26431160
  10. Ford, D, et al. Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1998; 62(3):676-89. doi: 10.1086/301749. PMID: 9497246
  11. Wong, P, et al. Prevalence of early onset colorectal cancer in 397 patients with classic Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130(1):73-9. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.014. PMID: 16401470
  12. Belhadj, S, et al. Delineating the Phenotypic Spectrum of the NTHL1-Associated Polyposis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017; 15(3):461-462. PMID: 27720914
  13. Elsayed, FA, et al. Germline variants in POLE are associated with early onset mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; :None. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.242. PMID: 25370038
  14. Evans, DG, et al. Risk of breast cancer in male BRCA2 carriers. J. Med. Genet. 2010; 47(10):710-1. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.075176. PMID: 20587410
  15. Richards, FM, et al. Germline E-cadherin gene (CDH1) mutations predispose to familial gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999; 8(4):607-10. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.4.607. PMID: 10072428
  16. Falchetti, A, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): not only inherited endocrine tumors. Genet. Med. 2009; 11(12):825-35. doi: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181be5c97. PMID: 19904212
  17. Pritchard, CC. et al. Inherited DNA-Repair Gene Mutations in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer. NEJM, 2016 PMID: 27433846
  18. Giri, VN, et al. Inherited Mutations in Men Undergoing Multigene Panel Testing for Prostate Cancer: Emerging Implications for Personalized Prostate Cancer Genetic Evaluation. JCO Precision Oncology, 2017
  19. Broderick, P, et al. Validation of Recently Proposed Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Gene Variants in an Analysis of Families and Patients-a Systematic Review. Gastroenterology. 2017; 152(1):75-77.e4. PMID: 27713038
  20. Pachlopnik, Schmid, J, et al. Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ("FILS syndrome"). J. Exp. Med. 2012; 209(13):2323-30. PMID: 23230001
  21. Easton, DF, et al. No evidence that protein truncating variants in BRIP1 are associated with breast cancer risk: implications for gene panel testing. J. Med. Genet. 2016; :None. PMID: 26921362
  22. Erkko, H, et al. A recurrent mutation in PALB2 in Finnish cancer families. Nature. 2007; 446(7133):316-9. PMID: 17287723
  23. Biesecker, LG, et al. PTEN mutations and proteus syndrome. Lancet. 2001; 358(9298):2079-80. PMID: 11755638
  24. Caux, F, et al. Segmental overgrowth, lipomatosis, arteriovenous malformation and epidermal nevus (SOLAMEN) syndrome is related to mosaic PTEN nullizygosity. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 15(7):767-73. PMID: 17392703
  25. Hu, C, et al. Prevalence of pathogenic mutations in cancer predisposition genes among pancreatic cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2015; :None. PMID: 26483394
  26. van, Os, NJ, et al. Health risks for ataxia-telangiectasia mutated heterozygotes: A systematic review, Meta-analysis and evidence-based guideline. Clin. Genet. 2015; :None. PMID: 26662178
  27. Frazier, TW, et al. Molecular and phenotypic abnormalities in individuals with germline heterozygous PTEN mutations and autism. Mol. Psychiatry. 2015; 20(9):1132-8. PMID: 25288137
  28. Nathan, N, et al. Mosaic Disorders of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/TSC/mTORC1 Signaling Pathway. Dermatol Clin. 2017; 35(1):51-60. PMID: 27890237
  29. Neklason, DW, et al. American founder mutation for attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 6(1):46-52. PMID: 18063416
  30. Brandi, ML, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86(12):5658-71. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8070. PMID: 11739416
  31. Pasini, B, et al. Clinical and molecular genetics of patients with the Carney-Stratakis syndrome and germline mutations of the genes coding for the succinate dehydrogenase subunits SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2008; 16(1):79-88. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201904. PMID: 17667967
  32. Bonadona, V, et al. Cancer risks associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes in Lynch syndrome. JAMA. 2011; 305(22):2304-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.743. PMID: 21642682
  33. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. What is Your Prostate? http://archive.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/prevention/understanding/bodysys/edbody13.html Accessed January 2018.
  34. Sredni, ST, Tomita, T. Rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2015; 18(1):49-58. doi: 10.2350/14-07-1531-MISC.1. PMID: 25494491
  35. Huang, H, Cai, B. G84E mutation in HOXB13 is firmly associated with prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35(2):1177-82. PMID: 24026887
  36. Neumann, HP, et al. Distinct clinical features of paraganglioma syndromes associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations. JAMA. 2004; 292(8):943-51. PMID: 15328326
  37. Jelinic, P, et al. Recurrent SMARCA4 mutations in small cell carcinoma of the ovary. Nat. Genet. 2014; 46(5):424-6. PMID: 24658004
  38. Norton, JA, et al. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: Genetics and Clinical Management. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2015; 24(4):795-832. PMID: 26363542
  39. De, Brakeleer, S, et al. Cancer predisposing missense and protein truncating BARD1 mutations in non-BRCA1 or BRCA2 breast cancer families. Hum. Mutat. 2010; 31(3):E1175-85. doi: 10.1002/humu.21200. PMID: 20077502
  40. Burnichon, N, et al. SDHA is a tumor suppressor gene causing paraganglioma. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010; 19(15):3011-20. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddq206. PMID: 20484225
  41. Chow, E, Macrae, F. A review of juvenile polyposis syndrome. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005; 20(11):1634-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03865.x. PMID: 16246179
  42. Erkko, H, et al. Penetrance analysis of the PALB2 c.1592delT founder mutation. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008; 14(14):4667-71. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0210. PMID: 18628482
  43. Kohlmann, W, Gruber, SB. Lynch Syndrome. 2004 Feb 05. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1211/ PMID: 20301390
  44. Tan, MH, et al. Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations. Clin. Cancer Res. 2012; 18(2):400-7. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2283. PMID: 22252256
  45. Osorio, A, et al. Predominance of pathogenic missense variants in the RAD51C gene occurring in breast and ovarian cancer families. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012; 21(13):2889-98. doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds115. PMID: 22451500
  46. Miedlich, S, et al. Familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism--a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 variant?. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2001; 145(2):155-60. PMID: 11454510
  47. Miettinen, M, Lasota, J. Succinate dehydrogenase deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) - a review. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2014; 53:514-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.033. PMID: 24886695
  48. Majewski, IJ, et al. An α-E-catenin (CTNNA1) mutation in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. J. Pathol. 2013; 229(4):621-9. doi: 10.1002/path.4152. PMID: 23208944
  49. van, der, Post, RS, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated clinical guidelines with an emphasis on germline CDH1 mutation carriers. J. Med. Genet. 2015; 52(6):361-74. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103094. PMID: 25979631
  50. Steffen, J, et al. Increased cancer risk of heterozygotes with NBS1 germline mutations in Poland. Int. J. Cancer. 2004; 111(1):67-71. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20239. PMID: 15185344
  51. Antoniou, AC, et al. Breast-cancer risk in families with mutations in PALB2. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 371(6):497-506. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1400382. PMID: 25099575
  52. Heikkinen, K, et al. RAD50 and NBS1 are breast cancer susceptibility genes associated with genomic instability. Carcinogenesis. 2006; 27(8):1593-9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgi360. PMID: 16474176
  53. Palles, C, et al. Germline mutations affecting the proofreading domains of POLE and POLD1 predispose to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Nat. Genet. 2013; 45(2):136-44. PMID: 23263490
  54. Bellido, F, et al. POLE and POLD1 mutations in 529 kindred with familial colorectal cancer and/or polyposis: review of reported cases and recommendations for genetic testing and surveillance. Genet. Med. 2015; :None. doi: 10.1038/gim.2015.75. PMID: 26133394
  55. Walsh, T, et al. Mutations in 12 genes for inherited ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinoma identified by massively parallel sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011; 108(44):18032-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1115052108. PMID: 22006311
  56. Pannett, AA, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) germline mutations in familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2003; 58(5):639-46. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01765.x. PMID: 12699448
  57. Meindl, A, et al. Germline mutations in breast and ovarian cancer pedigrees establish RAD51C as a human cancer susceptibility gene. Nat. Genet. 2010; 42(5):410-4. PMID: 20400964
  58. McGarrity, TJ, et al. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. 2001 Feb 23. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1266/ PMID: 20301443
  59. Eng, C. PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS). 2001 Nov 29. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1488/ PMID: 20301661
  60. Ahmed, M, Rahman, N. ATM and breast cancer susceptibility. Oncogene. 2006; 25(43):5906-11. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209873. PMID: 16998505
  61. Breast, Cancer, Linkage, Consortium. Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999; 91(15):1310-6. doi: 10.1093/jnci/91.15.1310. PMID: 10433620
  62. di, Masi, A, Antoccia, A. NBS1 Heterozygosity and Cancer Risk. Curr. Genomics. 2008; 9(4):275-81. doi: 10.2174/138920208784533610. PMID: 19452044
  63. van Leeuwaarde RS, et al. Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome. 2000 May 17. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1463/ PMID: 20301636
  64. Maher, ER, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease: a clinical and scientific review. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2011; 19(6):617-23. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.175. PMID: 21386872
  65. Damiola, F, et al. Rare key functional domain missense substitutions in MRE11A, RAD50, and NBN contribute to breast cancer susceptibility: results from a Breast Cancer Family Registry case-control mutation-screening study. Breast Cancer Res. 2014; 16(3):R58. doi: 10.1186/bcr3669. PMID: 24894818
  66. van, Lier, MG, et al. High cancer risk in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and surveillance recommendations. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 105(6):1258-64; author reply 1265. PMID: 20051941
  67. Win, AK, et al. Cancer risks for monoallelic MUTYH mutation carriers with a family history of colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2011; 129(9):2256-62. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25870. PMID: 21171015
  68. Bisgaard, ML, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): frequency, penetrance, and mutation rate. Hum. Mutat. 1994; 3(2):121-5. PMID: 8199592
  69. Cybulski, C, et al. Risk of breast cancer in women with a CHEK2 mutation with and without a family history of breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29(28):3747-52. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.34.0778. PMID: 21876083
  70. Marvin, ML, et al. AXIN2-associated autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia and neoplastic syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2011; 155A(4):898-902. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33927. PMID: 21416598
  71. Ricketts, C, et al. Germline SDHB mutations and familial renal cell carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008; 100(17):1260-2. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn254. PMID: 18728283
  72. Rafnar, T, et al. Mutations in BRIP1 confer high risk of ovarian cancer. Nat. Genet. 2011; 43(11):1104-7. PMID: 21964575
  73. Sieber, OM, et al. Disease severity and genetic pathways in attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis vary greatly but depend on the site of the germline mutation. Gut. 2006; 55(10):1440-8. PMID: 16461775
  74. Moran, A, et al. Risk of cancer other than breast or ovarian in individuals with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Fam. Cancer. 2012; 11(2):235-42. PMID: 22187320
  75. McWilliams, RR, et al. Prevalence of CDKN2A mutations in pancreatic cancer patients: implications for genetic counseling. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2011; 19(4):472-8. PMID: 21150883
  76. Dwight, T, et al. Loss of SDHA expression identifies SDHA mutations in succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2013; 37(2):226-33. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182671155. PMID: 23060355
  77. Steffen, J, et al. Germline mutations 657del5 of the NBS1 gene contribute significantly to the incidence of breast cancer in Central Poland. Int. J. Cancer. 2006; 119(2):472-5. PMID: 16770759
  78. Chompret, A, et al. PDGFRA germline mutation in a family with multiple cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126(1):318-21. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.079. PMID: 14699510
  79. Goldgar, DE, et al. Rare variants in the ATM gene and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2011; 13(4):R73. PMID: 21787400
  80. Mazzoni, SM, et al. An AXIN2 Mutant Allele Associated With Predisposition to Colorectal Neoplasia Has Context-Dependent Effects on AXIN2 Protein Function. Neoplasia. 2015; 17(5):463-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.04.006. PMID: 26025668
  81. Syngal, S, et al. ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2015; 110(2):223-62; quiz 263. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.435. PMID: 25645574
  82. Engel, C, et al. Risks of less common cancers in proven mutation carriers with lynch syndrome. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(35):4409-15. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2278. PMID: 23091106
  83. Rivera, B, et al. A novel AXIN2 germline variant associated with attenuated FAP without signs of oligondontia or ectodermal dysplasia. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; 22(3):423-6. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.146. PMID: 23838596
  84. Toss, A, et al. Hereditary ovarian cancer: not only BRCA 1 and 2 genes. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015:341723. doi: 10.1155/2015/341723. PMID: 26075229
  85. Slater, EP, et al. PALB2 mutations in European familial pancreatic cancer families. Clin. Genet. 2010; 78(5):490-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01425.x. PMID: 20412113
  86. Brand, R, et al. MUTYH-Associated Polyposis. 2012 Oct 04. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK107219/ PMID: 23035301
  87. Thakker, RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and type 4 (MEN4). Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2014; 386(1-2):2-15. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.002. PMID: 23933118
  88. Kempers, MJ, et al. Risk of colorectal and endometrial cancers in EPCAM deletion-positive Lynch syndrome: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(1):49-55. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70265-5. PMID: 21145788
  89. Minion, LE, et al. Hereditary predisposition to ovarian cancer, looking beyond BRCA1/BRCA2. Gynecol. Oncol. 2015; 137(1):86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.537. PMID: 25622547
  90. Aarnio, M, et al. Uroepithelial and kidney carcinoma in Lynch syndrome. Fam. Cancer. 2012; 11(3):395-401. PMID: 22476430
  91. Half, E, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2009; 4:22. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-4-22. PMID: 19822006
  92. Burt, RW, et al. Genetic testing and phenotype in a large kindred with attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127(2):444-51. PMID: 15300576
  93. Le, Calvez-Kelm, F, et al. RAD51 and breast cancer susceptibility: no evidence for rare variant association in the Breast Cancer Family Registry study. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(12):e52374. PMID: 23300655
  94. van, der, Luijt, RB, et al. APC mutation in the alternatively spliced region of exon 9 associated with late onset familial adenomatous polyposis. Hum. Genet. 1995; 96(6):705-10. PMID: 8522331
  95. Friedl, W, et al. Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis due to a mutation in the 3' part of the APC gene. A clue for understanding the function of the APC protein. Hum. Genet. 1996; 97(5):579-84. PMID: 8655134
  96. Kastrinos, F, et al. Risk of pancreatic cancer in families with Lynch syndrome. JAMA. 2009; 302(16):1790-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1529. PMID: 19861671
  97. Phelan, CM, et al. Incidence of colorectal cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from a follow-up study. Br. J. Cancer. 2014; 110(2):530-4. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.741. PMID: 24292448
  98. Weischer, M, et al. CHEK2*1100delC genotyping for clinical assessment of breast cancer risk: meta-analyses of 26,000 patient cases and 27,000 controls. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26(4):542-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.5922. PMID: 18172190
  99. Boursi, B, et al. The APC p.I1307K polymorphism is a significant risk factor for CRC in average risk Ashkenazi Jews. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013; 49(17):3680-5. PMID: 23896379
  100. Repak, R, et al. The first European family with gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach: case report and review of the literature. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016; 84(4):718-25. PMID: 27343414
  101. Xiang, HP, et al. Meta-analysis of CHEK2 1100delC variant and colorectal cancer susceptibility. Eur. J. Cancer. 2011; 47(17):2546-51. PMID: 21807500
  102. van, Asperen, CJ, et al. Cancer risks in BRCA2 families: estimates for sites other than breast and ovary. J. Med. Genet. 2005; 42(9):711-9. PMID: 16141007
  103. Gronwald, J, et al. Cancer risks in first-degree relatives of CHEK2 mutation carriers: effects of mutation type and cancer site in proband. Br. J. Cancer. 2009; 100(9):1508-12. PMID: 19401704
  104. Wasielewski, M, et al. CHEK2 1100delC and male breast cancer in the Netherlands. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2009; 116(2):397-400. PMID: 18759107
  105. Adam, R, et al. Exome Sequencing Identifies Biallelic MSH3 Germline Mutations as a Recessive Subtype of Colorectal Adenomatous Polyposis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2016; 99(2):337-51. PMID: 27476653
  106. Cleary, SP, et al. Germline MutY human homologue mutations and colorectal cancer: a multisite case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2009; 136(4):1251-60. PMID: 19245865
  107. Jones, N, et al. Increased colorectal cancer incidence in obligate carriers of heterozygous mutations in MUTYH. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137(2):489-94, 494.e1; quiz 725-6. PMID: 19394335
  108. Win, AK, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer for carriers of mutations in MUTYH, with and without a family history of cancer. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146(5):1208-11.e1-5. PMID: 24444654
  109. Groen, EJ, et al. Extra-intestinal manifestations of familial adenomatous polyposis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2008; 15(9):2439-50. doi: 10.1245/s10434-008-9981-3. PMID: 18612695
  110. Borg, A, et al. High frequency of multiple melanomas and breast and pancreas carcinomas in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2000; 92(15):1260-6. doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.15.1260. PMID: 10922411
  111. Rivera, B, et al. Biallelic NTHL1 Mutations in a Woman with Multiple Primary Tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 373(20):1985-6. PMID: 26559593
  112. Baglietto, L, et al. Risks of Lynch syndrome cancers for MSH6 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2010; 102(3):193-201. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djp473. PMID: 20028993
  113. Poumpouridou, N, Kroupis, C. Hereditary breast cancer: beyond BRCA genetic analysis; PALB2 emerges. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2012; 50(3):423-34. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2011-0840. PMID: 22505525
  114. Broderick, P, et al. Evaluation of NTHL1, NEIL1, NEIL2, MPG, TDG, UNG and SMUG1 genes in familial colorectal cancer predisposition. BMC Cancer. 2006; 6:243. PMID: 17029639
  115. Ebi, H, et al. Novel NBS1 heterozygous germ line mutation causing MRE11-binding domain loss predisposes to common types of cancer. Cancer Res. 2007; 67(23):11158-65. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1749. PMID: 18056440
  116. Iqbal, J, et al. The incidence of pancreatic cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br. J. Cancer. 2012; 107(12):2005-9. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.483. PMID: 23099806
  117. Thiffault, I, et al. A patient with polymerase E1 deficiency (POLE1): clinical features and overlap with DNA breakage/instability syndromes. BMC Med. Genet. 2015; 16:31. PMID: 25948378
  118. Pan, KF, et al. Mutations in components of the Wnt signaling pathway in gastric cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(10):1570-4. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.1570. PMID: 18330950
  119. Ow, GS, et al. Identification of two poorly prognosed ovarian carcinoma subtypes associated with CHEK2 germ-line mutation and non-CHEK2 somatic mutation gene signatures. Cell Cycle. 2014; 13(14):2262-80. doi: 10.4161/cc.29271. PMID: 24879340
  120. Barnetson, RA, et al. Germline mutation prevalence in the base excision repair gene, MYH, in patients with endometrial cancer. Clin. Genet. 2007; 72(6):551-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00900.x. PMID: 17956577
  121. Mester, J, Eng, C. Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome. J Surg Oncol. 2015; 111(1):125-30. PMID: 25132236
  122. Leslie, NR, Longy, M. Inherited PTEN mutations and the prediction of phenotype. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2016; 52:30-8. PMID: 26827793
  123. Marsh, DJ, et al. PTEN mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations in Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome suggest a single entity with Cowden syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999; 8(8):1461-72. PMID: 10400993
  124. Briggs, S, Tomlinson, I. Germline and somatic polymerase ε and ō mutations define a new class of hypermutated colorectal and endometrial cancers. J. Pathol. 2013; 230(2):148-53. doi: 10.1002/path.4185. PMID: 23447401
  125. Pilarski, R, et al. Cowden syndrome and the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: systematic review and revised diagnostic criteria. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2013; 105(21):1607-16. PMID: 24136893
  126. Giardiello, FM, et al. Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of Lynch syndrome: a consensus statement by the US Multi-society Task Force on colorectal cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 109(8):1159-79. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.186. PMID: 25070057
  127. Metcalfe, K, et al. Contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004; 22(12):2328-35. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.04.033. PMID: 15197194
  128. Williamson, SR, et al. Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma: detailed characterization of 11 tumors defining a unique subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Mod. Pathol. 2015; 28(1):80-94. PMID: 25034258
  129. Casadei S, et al. Contribution of inherited mutations in the BRCA2-interacting protein PALB2 to familial breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 15;71(6):2222-9. PMID: 21285249
  130. National Library of Medicine Genetics Home Reference. Prostate cancer. Accessed January 2018.
  131. Chubb, D, et al. Genetic diagnosis of high-penetrance susceptibility for colorectal cancer (CRC) is achievable for a high proportion of familial CRC by exome sequencing. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33(5):426-32. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.5689. PMID: 25559809
  132. Witkowski, L, et al. Germline and somatic SMARCA4 mutations characterize small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. Nat. Genet. 2014; 46(5):438-43. doi: 10.1038/ng.2931. PMID: 24658002
  133. Thompson, D, et al. Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(18):1358-65. doi: 10.1093/jnci/94.18.1358. PMID: 12237281
  134. Goldstein, AM, et al. Features associated with germline CDKN2A mutations: a GenoMEL study of melanoma-prone families from three continents. J. Med. Genet. 2007; 44(2):99-106. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.043802. PMID: 16905682
  135. Rahman, N, et al. PALB2, which encodes a BRCA2-interacting protein, is a breast cancer susceptibility gene. Nat. Genet. 2007; 39(2):165-7. doi: 10.1038/ng1959. PMID: 17200668
  136. Heikkinen, K, et al. Mutation screening of Mre11 complex genes: indication of RAD50 involvement in breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility. J. Med. Genet. 2003; 40(12):e131. doi: 10.1136/jmg.40.12.e131. PMID: 14684699
  137. Jaeger, E, et al. Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome is caused by a 40-kb upstream duplication that leads to increased and ectopic expression of the BMP antagonist GREM1. Nat. Genet. 2012; 44(6):699-703. doi: 10.1038/ng.2263. PMID: 22561515
  138. Thakker, RV, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012; 97(9):2990-3011. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1230. PMID: 22723327
  139. Pharoah, PD, et al. Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. Gastroenterology. 2001; 121(6):1348-53. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.29611. PMID: 11729114
  140. Loveday, C, et al. Germline mutations in RAD51D confer susceptibility to ovarian cancer. Nat. Genet. 2011; 43(9):879-82. PMID: 21822267
  141. Rennert, G, et al. MutYH mutation carriers have increased breast cancer risk. Cancer. 2012; 118(8):1989-93. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26506. PMID: 21952991
  142. Laken, SJ, et al. Familial colorectal cancer in Ashkenazim due to a hypermutable tract in APC. Nat. Genet. 1997; 17(1):79-83. PMID: 9288102
  143. Hirota, S, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998; 279(5350):577-80. PMID: 9438854
  144. Liang, J, et al. APC polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal neoplasia: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013; 177(11):1169-79. PMID: 23576677
  145. Seal, S, et al. Truncating mutations in the Fanconi anemia J gene BRIP1 are low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat. Genet. 2006; 38(11):1239-41. PMID: 17033622
  146. Robson, ME, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement update: genetic and genomic testing for cancer susceptibility. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010; 28(5):893-901. PMID: 20065170
  147. Rohlin, A, et al. A mutation in POLE predisposing to a multi-tumour phenotype. Int. J. Oncol. 2014; 45(1):77-81. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2410. PMID: 24788313
  148. Church, JM. Polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis: a new, dominantly inherited syndrome of hereditary colorectal cancer predisposition. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2014; 57(3):396-7. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000084. PMID: 24509466
  149. Vogt, S, et al. Expanded extracolonic tumor spectrum in MUTYH-associated polyposis. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137(6):1976-85.e1-10. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.052. PMID: 19732775
  150. Thompson, D, et al. Cancer risks and mortality in heterozygous ATM mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(11):813-22. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dji141. PMID: 15928302
  151. Worthley, DL, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS): a new autosomal dominant syndrome. Gut. 2012; 61(5):774-9. PMID: 21813476
  152. Riegert-Johnson, DL, et al. Cancer and Lhermitte-Duclos disease are common in Cowden syndrome patients. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2010; 8(1):6. PMID: 20565722
  153. Kaurah, P, et al. Founder and recurrent CDH1 mutations in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. JAMA. 2007; 297(21):2360-72. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.21.2360. PMID: 17545690
  154. Ni, Y, et al. Germline SDHx variants modify breast and thyroid cancer risks in Cowden and Cowden-like syndrome via FAD/NAD-dependant destabilization of p53. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012; 21(2):300-10. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr459. PMID: 21979946
  155. Liu, C, et al. The CHEK2 I157T variant and breast cancer susceptibility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012; 13(4):1355-60. PMID: 22799331
  156. Valle, L, et al. New insights into POLE and POLD1 germline mutations in familial colorectal cancer and polyposis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2014; 23(13):3506-12. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu058. PMID: 24501277
  157. Gao, P, et al. Functional variants in NBS1 and cancer risk: evidence from a meta-analysis of 60 publications with 111 individual studies. Mutagenesis. 2013; 28(6):683-97. PMID: 24113799
  158. Hansford, S, et al. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome: CDH1 Mutations and Beyond. JAMA Oncol. 2015; 1(1):23-32. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2014.168. PMID: 26182300
  159. Goldstein, AM, et al. High-risk melanoma susceptibility genes and pancreatic cancer, neural system tumors, and uveal melanoma across GenoMEL. Cancer Res. 2006; 66(20):9818-28. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0494. PMID: 17047042
  160. Karppinen, SM, et al. Nordic collaborative study of the BARD1 Cys557Ser allele in 3956 patients with cancer: enrichment in familial BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation-negative breast cancer but not in other malignancies. J. Med. Genet. 2006; 43(11):856-62. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.041731. PMID: 16825437
  161. Ratajska, M, et al. Cancer predisposing BARD1 mutations in breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012; 131(1):89-97. doi: 10.1007/s10549-011-1403-8. PMID: 21344236
  162. Smith, CG, et al. Exome resequencing identifies potential tumor-suppressor genes that predispose to colorectal cancer. Hum. Mutat. 2013; 34(7):1026-34. doi: 10.1002/humu.22333. PMID: 23585368
  163. Northrup, H, et al. Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria update: recommendations of the 2012 Iinternational Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr. Neurol. 2013; 49(4):243-54. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.001. PMID: 24053982
  164. Ramos, P, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type, displays frequent inactivating germline and somatic mutations in SMARCA4. Nat. Genet. 2014; 46(5):427-9. doi: 10.1038/ng.2928. PMID: 24658001
  165. Lammi, L, et al. Mutations in AXIN2 cause familial tooth agenesis and predispose to colorectal cancer. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004; 74(5):1043-50. doi: 10.1086/386293. PMID: 15042511
  166. Schneider, K, et al. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. 1999 Jan 19. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle. PMID: 20301488
  167. Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk, A. The importance of making ends meet: mutations in genes and altered expression of proteins of the MRN complex and cancer. Mutat. Res. 2008; 659(3):262-73. PMID: 18606567
  168. Aarnio, M. Clinicopathological features and management of cancers in lynch syndrome. Patholog Res Int. 2012; 2012:350309. doi: 10.1155/2012/350309. PMID: 22619739
  169. Aarnio, M, et al. Life-time risk of different cancers in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. Int. J. Cancer. 1995; 64(6):430-3. PMID: 8550246
  170. Fitzgerald, RC, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated consensus guidelines for clinical management and directions for future research. J. Med. Genet. 2010; 47(7):436-44. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.074237. PMID: 20591882
  171. Mohelnikova-Duchonova, B, et al. CHEK2 gene alterations in the forkhead-associated domain, 1100delC and del5395 do not modify the risk of sporadic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2010; 34(5):656-8. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.06.008. PMID: 20643596
  172. Vasen, HF, et al. Revised guidelines for the clinical management of Lynch syndrome (HNPCC): recommendations by a group of European experts. Gut. 2013; 62(6):812-23. PMID: 23408351
  173. Ericson, KM, et al. Low frequency of defective mismatch repair in a population-based series of upper urothelial carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2005; 5:23. PMID: 15740628
  174. Obermair, A, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer for women diagnosed with HNPCC-related colorectal carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 2010; 127(11):2678-84. PMID: 20533284
  175. Lejeune, S, et al. Low frequency of AXIN2 mutations and high frequency of MUTYH mutations in patients with multiple polyposis. Hum. Mutat. 2006; 27(10):1064. PMID: 16941501
  176. Wong, S, et al. Novel missense mutations in the AXIN2 gene associated with non-syndromic oligodontia. Arch. Oral Biol. 2014; 59(3):349-53. PMID: 24581859
  177. Giardiello, FM, et al. Increased risk of thyroid and pancreatic carcinoma in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut. 1993; 34(10):1394-6. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.10.1394. PMID: 8244108
  178. Bergendal, B, et al. Isolated oligodontia associated with mutations in EDARADD, AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 genes. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2011; 155A(7):1616-22. PMID: 21626677
  179. Roberts, NJ, et al. ATM mutations in patients with hereditary pancreatic cancer. Cancer Discov. 2012; 2(1):41-6. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0194. PMID: 22585167
  180. Olivier, M, et al. Li-Fraumeni and related syndromes: correlation between tumor type, family structure, and TP53 genotype. Cancer Res. 2003; 63(20):6643-50. PMID: 14583457
  181. Li, J, et al. Point Mutations in Exon 1B of APC Reveal Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Proximal Polyposis of the Stomach as a Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Variant. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2016; 98(5):830-42. PMID: 27087319
  182. Jones, S, et al. Exomic sequencing identifies PALB2 as a pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene. Science. 2009; 324(5924):217. doi: 10.1126/science.1171202. PMID: 19264984
  183. Helgadottir, H, et al. High risk of tobacco-related cancers in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J. Med. Genet. 2014; 51(8):545-52. PMID: 24935963
  184. Eng, C. PTEN: one gene, many syndromes. Hum. Mutat. 2003; 22(3):183-98. PMID: 12938083
  185. Pantaleo, MA, et al. Analysis of all subunits, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, of the succinate dehydrogenase complex in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GIST. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; 22(1):32-9. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.80. PMID: 23612575
  186. Ruijs, MW, et al. TP53 germline mutation testing in 180 families suspected of Li-Fraumeni syndrome: mutation detection rate and relative frequency of cancers in different familial phenotypes. J. Med. Genet. 2010; 47(6):421-8. PMID: 20522432
  187. Leoz, ML, et al. The genetic basis of familial adenomatous polyposis and its implications for clinical practice and risk management. Appl Clin Genet. 2015; 8:95-107. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S51484. PMID: 25931827
  188. Wu, Y, et al. DICER1 mutations in a patient with an ovarian Sertoli-Leydig tumor, well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung, and familial multinodular goiter. Eur J Med Genet. 2014; 57(11-12):621-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.09.008. PMID: 25451712
  189. Bishop, DT, et al. Geographical variation in the penetrance of CDKN2A mutations for melanoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(12):894-903. doi: 10.1093/jnci/94.12.894. PMID: 12072543
  190. Mester, J, Charis, E. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015; 132:129-37. PMID: 26564076
  191. Thompson, D, et al. A multicenter study of cancer incidence in CHEK2 1100delC mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15(12):2542-5. PMID: 17164383
  192. Zhang, B, et al. Genetic variants associated with breast-cancer risk: comprehensive research synopsis, meta-analysis, and epidemiological evidence. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(5):477-88. PMID: 21514219
  193. Postow, MA, Robson, ME. Inherited gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndromes: mutations, clinical features, and therapeutic implications. Clin Sarcoma Res. 2012; 2(1):16. doi: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-16. PMID: 23036227
  194. Tischkowitz, M, et al. Analysis of the gene coding for the BRCA2-interacting protein PALB2 in hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate. 2008; 68(6):675-8. PMID: 18288683
  195. Esteban-Jurado, C, et al. New genes emerging for colorectal cancer predisposition. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(8):1961-71. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1961. PMID: 24587672
  196. Varga, EA, et al. The prevalence of PTEN mutations in a clinical pediatric cohort with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delay, and macrocephaly. Genet. Med. 2009; 11(2):111-7. PMID: 19265751
  197. Loveday, C, et al. Germline RAD51C mutations confer susceptibility to ovarian cancer. Nat. Genet. 2012; 44(5):475-6; author reply 476. PMID: 22538716
  198. Hearle, N, et al. Frequency and spectrum of cancers in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006; 12(10):3209-15. PMID: 16707622
  199. Vasen, HF, et al. Risk of developing pancreatic cancer in families with familial atypical multiple mole melanoma associated with a specific 19 deletion of p16 (p16-Leiden). Int. J. Cancer. 2000; 87(6):809-11. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)84701-0. PMID: 10956390
  200. Pantaleo, MA, et al. SDHA loss-of-function mutations in KIT-PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors identified by massively parallel sequencing. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2011; 103(12):983-7. PMID: 21505157
  201. Bianchi, LK, et al. Fundic gland polyp dysplasia is common in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 6(2):180-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.11.018. PMID: 18237868
  202. Ricketts, CJ, et al. Succinate dehydrogenase kidney cancer: an aggressive example of the Warburg effect in cancer. J. Urol. 2012; 188(6):2063-71. PMID: 23083876
  203. Bougeard, G, et al. Revisiting Li-Fraumeni Syndrome From TP53 Mutation Carriers. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33(21):2345-52. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.59.5728. PMID: 26014290
  204. Ni, Y, et al. Germline mutations and variants in the succinate dehydrogenase genes in Cowden and Cowden-like syndromes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2008; 83(2):261-8. PMID: 18678321
  205. Borkowska, J, et al. Tuberous sclerosis complex: tumors and tumorigenesis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2011; 50(1):13-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04727.x. PMID: 21182496
  206. Weedon, MN, et al. An in-frame deletion at the polymerase active site of POLD1 causes a multisystem disorder with lipodystrophy. Nat. Genet. 2013; 45(8):947-50. doi: 10.1038/ng.2670. PMID: 23770608
  207. Brosens, LA, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in juvenile polyposis. Gut. 2007; 56(7):965-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.116913. PMID: 17303595
  208. Na, R, et al. Germline Mutations in ATM and BRCA1/2 Distinguish Risk for Lethal and Indolent Prostate Cancer and are Associated with Early Age at Death. Eur. Urol. 2017; 71(5):740-747. PMID: 27989354
  209. King, MC, et al. Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science. 2003; 302(5645):643-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088759. PMID: 14576434
  210. Dowty, JG, et al. Cancer risks for MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers. Hum. Mutat. 2013; 34(3):490-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.22262. PMID: 23255516
  211. Vaz, F, et al. Mutation of the RAD51C gene in a Fanconi anemia-like disorder. Nat. Genet. 2010; 42(5):406-9. PMID: 20400963
  212. Bachet, JB, et al. Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) and germline mutation of KIT exon 13. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013; 49(11):2531-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.005. PMID: 23648119
  213. Stadler, ZK, et al. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish families with breast and pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 2012; 118(2):493-9. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26191. PMID: 21598239
  214. Ramus, SJ, et al. Germline Mutations in the BRIP1, BARD1, PALB2, and NBN Genes in Women With Ovarian Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2015; 107(11):None. PMID: 26315354
  215. Mahdi, H, et al. Germline PTEN, SDHB-D, and KLLN alterations in endometrial cancer patients with Cowden and Cowden-like syndromes: an international, multicenter, prospective study. Cancer. 2015; 121(5):688-96. PMID: 25376524
  216. Begg, CB, et al. Lifetime risk of melanoma in CDKN2A mutation carriers in a population-based sample. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(20):1507-15. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dji312. PMID: 16234564
  217. Hill, DA, et al. DICER1 mutations in familial pleuropulmonary blastoma. Science. 2009; 325(5943):965. PMID: 19556464
  218. Ewing, CM, et al. Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366(2):141-9. PMID: 22236224
  219. Jasperson, KW, Burt, RW. APC-Associated Polyposis Conditions. 1998 Dec 18. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: PMID: 20301519
  220. Cai, Q, et al. Germline HOXB13 p.Gly84Glu mutation and cancer susceptibility: a pooled analysis of 25 epidemiological studies with 145,257 participates. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(39):42312-21. PMID: 26517352
  221. Goodenberger, ML, et al. PMS2 monoallelic mutation carriers: the known unknown. Genet. Med. 2015; :None. doi: 10.1038/gim.2015.27. PMID: 25856668
  222. Hopper, JL, et al. Population-based estimate of the average age-specific cumulative risk of breast cancer for a defined set of protein-truncating mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Australian Breast Cancer Family Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1999; 8(9):741-7. PMID: 10498392
  223. Beebe-Dimmer, JL, et al. The HOXB13 G84E Mutation Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Prostate Cancer and Other Malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2015; 24(9):1366-72. PMID: 26108461
  224. Thakker, RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 16(Suppl 2):S272-4. PMID: 23565397
  225. Italiano, A, et al. SDHA loss of function mutations in a subset of young adult wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors. BMC Cancer. 2012; 12:408. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-408. PMID: 22974104
  226. Villablanca, A, et al. Involvement of the MEN1 gene locus in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2002; 147(3):313-22. PMID: 12213668
  227. Watson, GA, et al. Get the GIST? An overview of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Ir J Med Sci. 2016; :None. PMID: 26833487
  228. Masciari, S, et al. Gastric cancer in individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genet. Med. 2011; 13(7):651-7. doi: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e31821628b6. PMID: 21552135
  229. Rio, Frio, T, et al. DICER1 mutations in familial multinodular goiter with and without ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. JAMA. 2011; 305(1):68-77. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1910. PMID: 21205968
  230. Carballo, M, et al. Novel c-KIT germline mutation in a family with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2005; 132A(4):361-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30388. PMID: 15742474
  231. Tai, YC, et al. Breast cancer risk among male BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2007; 99(23):1811-4. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djm203. PMID: 18042939
  232. Resnick, IB, et al. 657del5 mutation in the gene for Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS1) in a cohort of Russian children with lymphoid tissue malignancies and controls. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2003; 120A(2):174-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20188. PMID: 12833396
  233. Pakkanen, S, et al. PALB2 variants in hereditary and unselected Finnish prostate cancer cases. J Negat Results Biomed. 2009; 8:12. PMID: 20003494
  234. Song, H, et al. Contribution of Germline Mutations in the RAD51B, RAD51C, and RAD51D Genes to Ovarian Cancer in the Population. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; :None. PMID: 26261251
  235. Pelttari, LM, et al. A Finnish founder mutation in RAD51D: analysis in breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancer. J. Med. Genet. 2012; 49(7):429-32. PMID: 22652533
  236. Buffet, A, et al. A decade (2001-2010) of genetic testing for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Horm. Metab. Res. 2012; 44(5):359-66. PMID: 22517557
  237. Korpershoek, E, et al. SDHA immunohistochemistry detects germline SDHA gene mutations in apparently sporadic paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011; 96(9):E1472-6. PMID: 21752896
  238. Schiavi, F, et al. Predictors and prevalence of paraganglioma syndrome associated with mutations of the SDHC gene. JAMA. 2005; 294(16):2057-63. PMID: 16249420
  239. Peczkowska, M, et al. Extra-adrenal and adrenal pheochromocytomas associated with a germline SDHC mutation. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 4(2):111-5. PMID: 18212813
  240. Hoffmann, TJ, et al. Imputation of the rare HOXB13 G84E mutation and cancer risk in a large population-based cohort. PLoS Genet. 2015; 11(1):e1004930. PMID: 25629170
  241. National Comprehensive Cancer Network®, Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Genetic/Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian Version 3.2019. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp Accessed September 2019
  242. Witkowski, L, et al. Familial rhabdoid tumour 'avant la lettre'--from pathology review to exome sequencing and back again. J. Pathol. 2013; 231(1):35-43. PMID: 23775540
  243. Joinson, C, et al. Learning disability and epilepsy in an epidemiological sample of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex. Psychol Med. 2003; 33(2):335-44. PMID: 12622312
  244. Goh, S, et al. Infantile spasms and intellectual outcomes in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology. 2005; 65(2):235-8. PMID: 16043792
  245. Shepherd, CW, et al. Causes of death in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1991; 66(8):792-6. PMID: 1861550
  246. Jiang, Q, et al. A novel germline mutation in SDHA identified in a rare case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor complicated with renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015; 8(10):12188-97. PMID: 26722403
  247. Senter, L, et al. The clinical phenotype of Lynch syndrome due to germ-line PMS2 mutations. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135(2):419-28. PMID: 18602922
  248. Janeway, KA, et al. Defects in succinate dehydrogenase in gastrointestinal stromal tumors lacking KIT and PDGFRA mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011; 108(1):314-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009199108. PMID: 21173220
  249. Ford, D, et al. Risks of cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancet. 1994; 343(8899):692-5. doi: 10.1136/jmg.31.6.504-d. PMID: 7907678
  250. Jenkins, MA, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in monoallelic and biallelic carriers of MYH mutations: a population-based case-family study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15(2):312-4. PMID: 16492921
  251. Hale, V, et al. CHEK2 (∗) 1100delC Mutation and Risk of Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer. 2014; 2014:294575. PMID: 25431674
  252. Pelttari, LM, et al. RAD51C is a susceptibility gene for ovarian cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011; 20(16):3278-88. PMID: 21616938
  253. Gonzalez, KD, et al. High frequency of de novo mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 2009; 46(10):689-93. PMID: 19556618
  254. Olsen, JH, et al. Breast and other cancers in 1445 blood relatives of 75 Nordic patients with ataxia telangiectasia. Br. J. Cancer. 2005; 93(2):260-5. PMID: 15942625
  255. Cassol, C, Mete, O. Endocrine manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2015; 139(2):263-8. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0520-RS. PMID: 25611110
  256. Chenevix-Trench, G, et al. Dominant negative ATM mutations in breast cancer families. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(3):205-15. PMID: 11830610
  257. Bernstein, JL, et al. Population-based estimates of breast cancer risks associated with ATM gene variants c.7271T>G and c.1066-6T>G (IVS10-6T>G) from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Hum. Mutat. 2006; 27(11):1122-8. PMID: 16958054
  258. Hendriks, YM, et al. Cancer risk in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer due to MSH6 mutations: impact on counseling and surveillance. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127(1):17-25. PMID: 15236168
  259. Southey, MC, et al. PALB2, CHEK2 and ATM rare variants and cancer risk: data from COGS. J. Med. Genet. 2016; :None. PMID: 27595995
  260. Helgason, H, et al. Loss-of-function variants in ATM confer risk of gastric cancer. Nat. Genet. 2015; 47(8):906-10. PMID: 26098866
  261. Cheng, HH, et al. A Pilot Study of Clinical Targeted Next Generation Sequencing for Prostate Cancer: Consequences for Treatment and Genetic Counseling. Prostate. 2016; 76(14):1303-1311. PMID: 27324988
  262. Struewing, JP, et al. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 336(20):1401-8. PMID: 9145676
  263. Pollock, J, Welsh, JS. Clinical cancer genetics: Part I: Gastrointestinal. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 34(3):332-6. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e3181dea432. PMID: 20859198
  264. Skeldon, SC, et al. Patients with Lynch syndrome mismatch repair gene mutations are at higher risk for not only upper tract urothelial cancer but also bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 2013; 63(2):379-85. PMID: 22883484
  265. Kaurah, P, Huntsman, DG. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer. 2002 Nov 04. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1139/ PMID: 20301318
  266. Cybulski, C, et al. NBS1 is a prostate cancer susceptibility gene. Cancer Res. 2004; 64(4):1215-9. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2502. PMID: 14973119
  267. de, Raedt, T, et al. Intestinal neurofibromatosis is a subtype of familial GIST and results from a dominant activating mutation in PDGFRA. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131(6):1907-12. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.07.002. PMID: 17087943
  268. Harinck, F, et al. Indication for CDKN2A-mutation analysis in familial pancreatic cancer families without melanomas. J. Med. Genet. 2012; 49(6):362-5. PMID: 22636603
  269. Lubbe, SJ, et al. Clinical implications of the colorectal cancer risk associated with MUTYH mutation. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 27(24):3975-80. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6853. PMID: 19620482
  270. Stenzinger, A, et al. Mutations in POLE and survival of colorectal cancer patients–link to disease stage and treatment. Cancer Med. 2014; 3(6):1527-38. doi: 10.1002/cam4.305. PMID: 25124163
  271. Barrow, E, et al. Cumulative lifetime incidence of extracolonic cancers in Lynch syndrome: a report of 121 families with proven mutations. Clin. Genet. 2009; 75(2):141-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01125.x. PMID: 19215248
  272. Coulet, F, et al. Germline RAD51C mutations in ovarian cancer susceptibility. Clin. Genet. 2013; 83(4):332-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01917.x. PMID: 22725699
  273. Foulkes, WD, et al. No small surprise - small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type, is a malignant rhabdoid tumour. J. Pathol. 2014; 233(3):209-14. doi: 10.1002/path.4362. PMID: 24752781
  274. Li, D, et al. The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in prostate cancer. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2013; 18:1445-59. PMID: 23747895
  275. MacInnis, RJ, et al. Population-based estimate of prostate cancer risk for carriers of the HOXB13 missense mutation G84E. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(2):e54727. PMID: 23457453
  276. Raymond, VM, et al. Elevated risk of prostate cancer among men with Lynch syndrome. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013; 31(14):1713-8. PMID: 23530095
  277. Liede, A, et al. Cancer risks for male carriers of germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2: a review of the literature. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004; 22(4):735-42. PMID: 14966099
  278. Teodorczyk, U, et al. The risk of gastric cancer in carriers of CHEK2 mutations. Fam. Cancer. 2013; 12(3):473-8. doi: 10.1007/s10689-012-9599-2. PMID: 23296741
  279. Debniak, T, et al. A common variant of CDKN2A (p16) predisposes to breast cancer. J. Med. Genet. 2005; 42(10):763-5. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2005.031476. PMID: 15879498
  280. Kote-Jarai, Z, et al. Prevalence of the HOXB13 G84E germline mutation in British men and correlation with prostate cancer risk, tumour characteristics and clinical outcomes. Ann. Oncol. 2015; 26(4):756-61. PMID: 25595936
  281. Karlsson, R, et al. A population-based assessment of germline HOXB13 G84E mutation and prostate cancer risk. Eur. Urol. 2014; 65(1):169-76. PMID: 22841674
  282. Ryan, S, et al. Risk of prostate cancer in Lynch syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23(3):437-49. PMID: 24425144
  283. Stott-Miller, M, et al. HOXB13 mutations in a population-based, case-control study of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2013; 73(6):634-41. PMID: 23129385
  284. Cybulski, C, et al. CHEK2 is a multiorgan cancer susceptibility gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004; 75(6):1131-5. PMID: 15492928
  285. Antoniou, A, et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003; 72(5):1117-30. doi: 10.1086/375033. PMID: 12677558
  286. Xu, J, et al. HOXB13 is a susceptibility gene for prostate cancer: results from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG). Hum. Genet. 2013; 132(1):5-14. PMID: 23064873
  287. Spier, I, et al. Frequency and phenotypic spectrum of germline mutations in POLE and seven other polymerase genes in 266 patients with colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer. 2015; 137(2):320-31. PMID: 25529843
  288. Renwick, A, et al. ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat. Genet. 2006; 38(8):873-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1837. PMID: 16832357
  289. Davis, H, et al. Aberrant epithelial GREM1 expression initiates colonic tumorigenesis from cells outside the stem cell niche. Nat. Med. 2015; 21(1):62-70. doi: 10.1038/nm.3750. PMID: 25419707
  290. Chompret, A, et al. P53 germline mutations in childhood cancers and cancer risk for carrier individuals. Br. J. Cancer. 2000; 82(12):1932-7. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1167. PMID: 10864200
  291. Ricci, R, et al. PDGFRA-mutant syndrome. Mod. Pathol. 2015; 28(7):954-64. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.56. PMID: 25975287

Assay and technical information

Invitae is a College of American Pathologists (CAP)-accredited and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-certified clinical diagnostic laboratory performing full-gene sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis using next-generation sequencing technology (NGS).

Our sequence analysis covers clinically important regions of each gene, including coding exons and 10 to 20 base pairs of adjacent intronic sequence on either side of the coding exons in the transcript listed below. In addition, the analysis covers the select non-coding variants specifically defined in the table below. Any variants that fall outside these regions are not analyzed. Any limitations in the analysis of these genes will be listed on the report. Contact client services with any questions.

Based on validation study results, this assay achieves >99% analytical sensitivity and specificity for single nucleotide variants, insertions and deletions <15bp in length, and exon-level deletions and duplications. Invitae's methods also detect insertions and deletions larger than 15bp but smaller than a full exon but sensitivity for these may be marginally reduced. Invitae’s deletion/duplication analysis determines copy number at a single exon resolution at virtually all targeted exons. However, in rare situations, single-exon copy number events may not be analyzed due to inherent sequence properties or isolated reduction in data quality. Certain types of variants, such as structural rearrangements (e.g. inversions, gene conversion events, translocations, etc.) or variants embedded in sequence with complex architecture (e.g. short tandem repeats or segmental duplications), may not be detected. Additionally, it may not be possible to fully resolve certain details about variants, such as mosaicism, phasing, or mapping ambiguity. Unless explicitly guaranteed, sequence changes in the promoter, non-coding exons, and other non-coding regions are not covered by this assay. Please consult the test definition on our website for details regarding regions or types of variants that are covered or excluded for this test. This report reflects the analysis of an extracted genomic DNA sample. In very rare cases, (circulating hematolymphoid neoplasm, bone marrow transplant, recent blood transfusion) the analyzed DNA may not represent the patient's constitutional genome.

Gene Transcript reference Sequencing analysis Deletion/Duplication analysis
APC* NM_000038.5
ATM* NM_000051.3
AXIN2 NM_004655.3
BARD1 NM_000465.3
BMPR1A* NM_004329.2
BRCA1* NM_007294.3
BRCA2* NM_000059.3
BRIP1 NM_032043.2
CDH1 NM_004360.3
CDK4 NM_000075.3
CDKN2A* NM_058195.3; NM_000077.4
CHEK2 NM_007194.3
CTNNA1 NM_001903.3
DICER1* NM_177438.2
EPCAM* NM_002354.2
GREM1* NM_013372.6
HOXB13 NM_006361.5
KIT NM_000222.2
MEN1* NM_130799.2
MLH1* NM_000249.3
MSH2* NM_000251.2
MSH3* NM_002439.4
MSH6* NM_000179.2
MUTYH NM_001128425.1
NBN NM_002485.4
NF1* NM_000267.3
NTHL1 NM_002528.6
PALB2 NM_024675.3
PDGFRA NM_006206.4
PMS2* NM_000535.5
POLD1* NM_002691.3
POLE NM_006231.3
PTEN* NM_000314.4
RAD50 NM_005732.3
RAD51C NM_058216.2
RAD51D NM_002878.3
SDHA* NM_004168.3
SDHB NM_003000.2
SDHC* NM_003001.3
SDHD NM_003002.3
SMAD4 NM_005359.5
SMARCA4 NM_001128849.1
STK11 NM_000455.4
TP53* NM_000546.5
TSC1* NM_000368.4
TSC2 NM_000548.3
VHL NM_000551.3

APC: The 1B promoter region is covered by both sequencing and deletion/duplication analysis. The 1A promoter region is covered by deletion/duplication analysis. Sequencing analysis for exon 5 is limited to cds +/-10 bp.
ATM: Sequencing analysis for exons 6, 24, 43 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
BMPR1A: Deletion/duplication analysis covers the promoter region.
BRCA1: Sequence analysis includes +/- 20 base pairs of adjacent intronic sequence.
BRCA2: Sequence analysis includes +/- 20 base pairs of adjacent intronic sequence.
CDKN2A (p14ARF): Analysis supports interpretation of the p14 and p16 proteins.
DICER1: Sequencing analysis for exons 22 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
EPCAM: Sequencing analysis is not offered for this gene.
GREM1: Promoter region duplication testing only.
MEN1: Sequencing analysis for exon 2 is limited to cds +/-10 bp.
MLH1: Deletion/duplication analysis covers the promoter region. Sequencing analysis for exon 12 is limited to cds +/-10 bp.
MSH2: Analysis includes the exon 1-7 inversion (Boland mutation). Sequencing analysis for exons 2, 5 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
MSH3: Sequencing analysis of the repeat region of exon 1 (5:79950697-79950765) is not offered
MSH6: Sequencing analysis for exons 7, 10 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
NF1: Sequencing analysis for exons 2, 7, 25, 41, 48 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
PMS2: Sequencing analysis for exons 7 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
POLD1: Sequencing analysis for exons 22 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
PTEN: Deletion/duplication analysis covers the promoter region. Sequencing analysis for exons 8 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
SDHA: Deletion/duplication analysis is not offered for this gene and sequencing analysis is not offered for exon 14. Sequencing analysis for exons 6-8 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
SDHC: Sequencing analysis for exons 2, 6 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.
TP53: Deletion/duplication analysis covers the promoter region.
TSC1: Sequencing analysis for exons 21 includes only cds +/- 10 bp.

Clinical resources
Genes and associated cancers chart Hereditary cancer requisition form and gene list Hereditary cancer risks and references chart Invitae brochure
Patient resources
Patient guide: Genetic testing for hereditary cancer Patient guide: Genetic testing simplified Patient guide: Hereditary breast cancer Patient guide: Hereditary colorectal cancer
Test information
Forms page Specimen requirements page

References

  1. Aarnio, M, et al. Life-time risk of different cancers in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. Int. J. Cancer. 1995; 64(6):430-3. PMID: 8550246
  2. Aarnio, M, et al. Uroepithelial and kidney carcinoma in Lynch syndrome. Fam. Cancer. 2012; 11(3):395-401. PMID: 22476430
  3. Aarnio, M. Clinicopathological features and management of cancers in lynch syndrome. Patholog Res Int. 2012; 2012:350309. doi: 10.1155/2012/350309. PMID: 22619739
  4. Adam, R, et al. Exome Sequencing Identifies Biallelic MSH3 Germline Mutations as a Recessive Subtype of Colorectal Adenomatous Polyposis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2016; 99(2):337-51. PMID: 27476653
  5. Ahmed, M, Rahman, N. ATM and breast cancer susceptibility. Oncogene. 2006; 25(43):5906-11. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209873. PMID: 16998505
  6. Antoniou, A, et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case Series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2003; 72(5):1117-30. doi: 10.1086/375033. PMID: 12677558
  7. Antoniou, AC, et al. Breast-cancer risk in families with mutations in PALB2. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 371(6):497-506. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1400382. PMID: 25099575
  8. Bachet, JB, et al. Diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) and germline mutation of KIT exon 13. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013; 49(11):2531-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.005. PMID: 23648119
  9. Baglietto, L, et al. Risks of Lynch syndrome cancers for MSH6 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2010; 102(3):193-201. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djp473. PMID: 20028993
  10. Barnetson, RA, et al. Germline mutation prevalence in the base excision repair gene, MYH, in patients with endometrial cancer. Clin. Genet. 2007; 72(6):551-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00900.x. PMID: 17956577
  11. Barrow, E, et al. Cumulative lifetime incidence of extracolonic cancers in Lynch syndrome: a report of 121 families with proven mutations. Clin. Genet. 2009; 75(2):141-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01125.x. PMID: 19215248
  12. Beebe-Dimmer, JL, et al. The HOXB13 G84E Mutation Is Associated with an Increased Risk for Prostate Cancer and Other Malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2015; 24(9):1366-72. PMID: 26108461
  13. Begg, CB, et al. Lifetime risk of melanoma in CDKN2A mutation carriers in a population-based sample. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(20):1507-15. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dji312. PMID: 16234564
  14. Belhadj, S, et al. Delineating the Phenotypic Spectrum of the NTHL1-Associated Polyposis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017; 15(3):461-462. PMID: 27720914
  15. Bellido, F, et al. POLE and POLD1 mutations in 529 kindred with familial colorectal cancer and/or polyposis: review of reported cases and recommendations for genetic testing and surveillance. Genet. Med. 2015; :None. doi: 10.1038/gim.2015.75. PMID: 26133394
  16. Benn, DE, et al. Clinical presentation and penetrance of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma syndromes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2006; 91(3):827-36. PMID: 16317055
  17. Bergendal, B, et al. Isolated oligodontia associated with mutations in EDARADD, AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 genes. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2011; 155A(7):1616-22. PMID: 21626677
  18. Bernstein, JL, et al. Population-based estimates of breast cancer risks associated with ATM gene variants c.7271T>G and c.1066-6T>G (IVS10-6T>G) from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Hum. Mutat. 2006; 27(11):1122-8. PMID: 16958054
  19. Bianchi, LK, et al. Fundic gland polyp dysplasia is common in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 6(2):180-5. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.11.018. PMID: 18237868
  20. Biesecker, LG, et al. PTEN mutations and proteus syndrome. Lancet. 2001; 358(9298):2079-80. PMID: 11755638
  21. Bisgaard, ML, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): frequency, penetrance, and mutation rate. Hum. Mutat. 1994; 3(2):121-5. PMID: 8199592
  22. Bishop, DT, et al. Geographical variation in the penetrance of CDKN2A mutations for melanoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(12):894-903. doi: 10.1093/jnci/94.12.894. PMID: 12072543
  23. Bonadona, V, et al. Cancer risks associated with germline mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 genes in Lynch syndrome. JAMA. 2011; 305(22):2304-10. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.743. PMID: 21642682
  24. Borg, A, et al. High frequency of multiple melanomas and breast and pancreas carcinomas in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2000; 92(15):1260-6. doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.15.1260. PMID: 10922411
  25. Borkowska, J, et al. Tuberous sclerosis complex: tumors and tumorigenesis. Int. J. Dermatol. 2011; 50(1):13-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04727.x. PMID: 21182496
  26. Bougeard, G, et al. Revisiting Li-Fraumeni Syndrome From TP53 Mutation Carriers. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33(21):2345-52. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.59.5728. PMID: 26014290
  27. Boursi, B, et al. The APC p.I1307K polymorphism is a significant risk factor for CRC in average risk Ashkenazi Jews. Eur. J. Cancer. 2013; 49(17):3680-5. PMID: 23896379
  28. Brand, R, et al. MUTYH-Associated Polyposis. 2012 Oct 04. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK107219/ PMID: 23035301
  29. Brandi, ML, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001; 86(12):5658-71. doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8070. PMID: 11739416
  30. Breast, Cancer, Linkage, Consortium. Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999; 91(15):1310-6. doi: 10.1093/jnci/91.15.1310. PMID: 10433620
  31. Briggs, S, Tomlinson, I. Germline and somatic polymerase ε and ō mutations define a new class of hypermutated colorectal and endometrial cancers. J. Pathol. 2013; 230(2):148-53. doi: 10.1002/path.4185. PMID: 23447401
  32. Broderick, P, et al. Evaluation of NTHL1, NEIL1, NEIL2, MPG, TDG, UNG and SMUG1 genes in familial colorectal cancer predisposition. BMC Cancer. 2006; 6:243. PMID: 17029639
  33. Broderick, P, et al. Validation of Recently Proposed Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Gene Variants in an Analysis of Families and Patients-a Systematic Review. Gastroenterology. 2017; 152(1):75-77.e4. PMID: 27713038
  34. Brosens, LA, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in juvenile polyposis. Gut. 2007; 56(7):965-7. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.116913. PMID: 17303595
  35. Buffet, A, et al. A decade (2001-2010) of genetic testing for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Horm. Metab. Res. 2012; 44(5):359-66. PMID: 22517557
  36. Burnichon, N, et al. SDHA is a tumor suppressor gene causing paraganglioma. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010; 19(15):3011-20. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddq206. PMID: 20484225
  37. Burt, RW, et al. Genetic testing and phenotype in a large kindred with attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127(2):444-51. PMID: 15300576
  38. Cai, Q, et al. Germline HOXB13 p.Gly84Glu mutation and cancer susceptibility: a pooled analysis of 25 epidemiological studies with 145,257 participates. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(39):42312-21. PMID: 26517352
  39. Carballo, M, et al. Novel c-KIT germline mutation in a family with gastrointestinal stromal tumors and cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2005; 132A(4):361-4. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30388. PMID: 15742474
  40. Casadei S, et al. Contribution of inherited mutations in the BRCA2-interacting protein PALB2 to familial breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2011 Mar 15;71(6):2222-9. PMID: 21285249
  41. Cassol, C, Mete, O. Endocrine manifestations of von Hippel-Lindau disease. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2015; 139(2):263-8. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0520-RS. PMID: 25611110
  42. Castéra, L, et al. Next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer using genomic capture targeting multiple candidate genes. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; 22(11):1305-13. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.16. PMID: 24549055
  43. Caux, F, et al. Segmental overgrowth, lipomatosis, arteriovenous malformation and epidermal nevus (SOLAMEN) syndrome is related to mosaic PTEN nullizygosity. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 15(7):767-73. PMID: 17392703
  44. Chenevix-Trench, G, et al. Dominant negative ATM mutations in breast cancer families. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(3):205-15. PMID: 11830610
  45. Cheng, HH, et al. A Pilot Study of Clinical Targeted Next Generation Sequencing for Prostate Cancer: Consequences for Treatment and Genetic Counseling. Prostate. 2016; 76(14):1303-1311. PMID: 27324988
  46. Chompret, A, et al. P53 germline mutations in childhood cancers and cancer risk for carrier individuals. Br. J. Cancer. 2000; 82(12):1932-7. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1167. PMID: 10864200
  47. Chompret, A, et al. PDGFRA germline mutation in a family with multiple cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126(1):318-21. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.079. PMID: 14699510
  48. Chow, E, Macrae, F. A review of juvenile polyposis syndrome. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005; 20(11):1634-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03865.x. PMID: 16246179
  49. Chubb, D, et al. Genetic diagnosis of high-penetrance susceptibility for colorectal cancer (CRC) is achievable for a high proportion of familial CRC by exome sequencing. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 33(5):426-32. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.5689. PMID: 25559809
  50. Church, JM. Polymerase proofreading-associated polyposis: a new, dominantly inherited syndrome of hereditary colorectal cancer predisposition. Dis. Colon Rectum. 2014; 57(3):396-7. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000000084. PMID: 24509466
  51. Ciara, E, et al. Heterozygous germ-line mutations in the NBN gene predispose to medulloblastoma in pediatric patients. Acta Neuropathol. 2010; 119(3):325-34. PMID: 19908051
  52. Cleary, SP, et al. Germline MutY human homologue mutations and colorectal cancer: a multisite case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2009; 136(4):1251-60. PMID: 19245865
  53. Coulet, F, et al. Germline RAD51C mutations in ovarian cancer susceptibility. Clin. Genet. 2013; 83(4):332-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01917.x. PMID: 22725699
  54. Cybulski, C, et al. CHEK2 is a multiorgan cancer susceptibility gene. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004; 75(6):1131-5. PMID: 15492928
  55. Cybulski, C, et al. NBS1 is a prostate cancer susceptibility gene. Cancer Res. 2004; 64(4):1215-9. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2502. PMID: 14973119
  56. Cybulski, C, et al. Risk of breast cancer in women with a CHEK2 mutation with and without a family history of breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 29(28):3747-52. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2010.34.0778. PMID: 21876083
  57. Damiola, F, et al. Rare key functional domain missense substitutions in MRE11A, RAD50, and NBN contribute to breast cancer susceptibility: results from a Breast Cancer Family Registry case-control mutation-screening study. Breast Cancer Res. 2014; 16(3):R58. doi: 10.1186/bcr3669. PMID: 24894818
  58. Davis, H, et al. Aberrant epithelial GREM1 expression initiates colonic tumorigenesis from cells outside the stem cell niche. Nat. Med. 2015; 21(1):62-70. doi: 10.1038/nm.3750. PMID: 25419707
  59. De, Brakeleer, S, et al. Cancer predisposing missense and protein truncating BARD1 mutations in non-BRCA1 or BRCA2 breast cancer families. Hum. Mutat. 2010; 31(3):E1175-85. doi: 10.1002/humu.21200. PMID: 20077502
  60. Debniak, T, et al. A common variant of CDKN2A (p16) predisposes to breast cancer. J. Med. Genet. 2005; 42(10):763-5. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2005.031476. PMID: 15879498
  61. Dowty, JG, et al. Cancer risks for MLH1 and MSH2 mutation carriers. Hum. Mutat. 2013; 34(3):490-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.22262. PMID: 23255516
  62. Dwight, T, et al. Loss of SDHA expression identifies SDHA mutations in succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2013; 37(2):226-33. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0b013e3182671155. PMID: 23060355
  63. Dzikiewicz-Krawczyk, A. The importance of making ends meet: mutations in genes and altered expression of proteins of the MRN complex and cancer. Mutat. Res. 2008; 659(3):262-73. PMID: 18606567
  64. Easton, DF, et al. No evidence that protein truncating variants in BRIP1 are associated with breast cancer risk: implications for gene panel testing. J. Med. Genet. 2016; :None. PMID: 26921362
  65. Ebi, H, et al. Novel NBS1 heterozygous germ line mutation causing MRE11-binding domain loss predisposes to common types of cancer. Cancer Res. 2007; 67(23):11158-65. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1749. PMID: 18056440
  66. Elsayed, FA, et al. Germline variants in POLE are associated with early onset mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; :None. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.242. PMID: 25370038
  67. Eng, C. PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS). 2001 Nov 29. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1488/ PMID: 20301661
  68. Eng, C. PTEN: one gene, many syndromes. Hum. Mutat. 2003; 22(3):183-98. PMID: 12938083
  69. Engel, C, et al. Risks of less common cancers in proven mutation carriers with lynch syndrome. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012; 30(35):4409-15. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.43.2278. PMID: 23091106
  70. Ericson, KM, et al. Low frequency of defective mismatch repair in a population-based series of upper urothelial carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2005; 5:23. PMID: 15740628
  71. Erkko, H, et al. A recurrent mutation in PALB2 in Finnish cancer families. Nature. 2007; 446(7133):316-9. PMID: 17287723
  72. Erkko, H, et al. Penetrance analysis of the PALB2 c.1592delT founder mutation. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008; 14(14):4667-71. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0210. PMID: 18628482
  73. Esteban-Jurado, C, et al. New genes emerging for colorectal cancer predisposition. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(8):1961-71. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1961. PMID: 24587672
  74. Evans, DG, et al. Risk of breast cancer in male BRCA2 carriers. J. Med. Genet. 2010; 47(10):710-1. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.075176. PMID: 20587410
  75. Ewing, CM, et al. Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 366(2):141-9. PMID: 22236224
  76. Falchetti, A, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): not only inherited endocrine tumors. Genet. Med. 2009; 11(12):825-35. doi: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3181be5c97. PMID: 19904212
  77. Fitzgerald, RC, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated consensus guidelines for clinical management and directions for future research. J. Med. Genet. 2010; 47(7):436-44. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.074237. PMID: 20591882
  78. Ford, D, et al. Genetic heterogeneity and penetrance analysis of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in breast cancer families. The Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1998; 62(3):676-89. doi: 10.1086/301749. PMID: 9497246
  79. Ford, D, et al. Risks of cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancet. 1994; 343(8899):692-5. doi: 10.1136/jmg.31.6.504-d. PMID: 7907678
  80. Foulkes, WD, et al. No small surprise - small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type, is a malignant rhabdoid tumour. J. Pathol. 2014; 233(3):209-14. doi: 10.1002/path.4362. PMID: 24752781
  81. Frazier, TW, et al. Molecular and phenotypic abnormalities in individuals with germline heterozygous PTEN mutations and autism. Mol. Psychiatry. 2015; 20(9):1132-8. PMID: 25288137
  82. Friedl, W, et al. Attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis due to a mutation in the 3' part of the APC gene. A clue for understanding the function of the APC protein. Hum. Genet. 1996; 97(5):579-84. PMID: 8655134
  83. Gao, P, et al. Functional variants in NBS1 and cancer risk: evidence from a meta-analysis of 60 publications with 111 individual studies. Mutagenesis. 2013; 28(6):683-97. PMID: 24113799
  84. Giardiello, FM, et al. Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of Lynch syndrome: a consensus statement by the US Multi-society Task Force on colorectal cancer. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 109(8):1159-79. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.186. PMID: 25070057
  85. Giardiello, FM, et al. Increased risk of thyroid and pancreatic carcinoma in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gut. 1993; 34(10):1394-6. doi: 10.1136/gut.34.10.1394. PMID: 8244108
  86. Giri, VN, et al. Inherited Mutations in Men Undergoing Multigene Panel Testing for Prostate Cancer: Emerging Implications for Personalized Prostate Cancer Genetic Evaluation. JCO Precision Oncology, 2017
  87. Goh, S, et al. Infantile spasms and intellectual outcomes in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Neurology. 2005; 65(2):235-8. PMID: 16043792
  88. Goldgar, DE, et al. Rare variants in the ATM gene and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 2011; 13(4):R73. PMID: 21787400
  89. Goldstein, AM, et al. Features associated with germline CDKN2A mutations: a GenoMEL study of melanoma-prone families from three continents. J. Med. Genet. 2007; 44(2):99-106. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.043802. PMID: 16905682
  90. Goldstein, AM, et al. High-risk melanoma susceptibility genes and pancreatic cancer, neural system tumors, and uveal melanoma across GenoMEL. Cancer Res. 2006; 66(20):9818-28. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0494. PMID: 17047042
  91. Gonzalez, KD, et al. High frequency of de novo mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 2009; 46(10):689-93. PMID: 19556618
  92. Goodenberger, ML, et al. PMS2 monoallelic mutation carriers: the known unknown. Genet. Med. 2015; :None. doi: 10.1038/gim.2015.27. PMID: 25856668
  93. Groen, EJ, et al. Extra-intestinal manifestations of familial adenomatous polyposis. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2008; 15(9):2439-50. doi: 10.1245/s10434-008-9981-3. PMID: 18612695
  94. Gronwald, J, et al. Cancer risks in first-degree relatives of CHEK2 mutation carriers: effects of mutation type and cancer site in proband. Br. J. Cancer. 2009; 100(9):1508-12. PMID: 19401704
  95. Hale, V, et al. CHEK2 (∗) 1100delC Mutation and Risk of Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer. 2014; 2014:294575. PMID: 25431674
  96. Half, E, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2009; 4:22. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-4-22. PMID: 19822006
  97. Han, FF, et al. The effect of CHEK2 variant I157T on cancer susceptibility: evidence from a meta-analysis. DNA Cell Biol. 2013; 32(6):329-35. doi: 10.1089/dna.2013.1970. PMID: 23713947
  98. Hansford, S, et al. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome: CDH1 Mutations and Beyond. JAMA Oncol. 2015; 1(1):23-32. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2014.168. PMID: 26182300
  99. Harinck, F, et al. Indication for CDKN2A-mutation analysis in familial pancreatic cancer families without melanomas. J. Med. Genet. 2012; 49(6):362-5. PMID: 22636603
  100. Hearle, N, et al. Frequency and spectrum of cancers in the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006; 12(10):3209-15. PMID: 16707622
  101. Heikkinen, K, et al. Mutation screening of Mre11 complex genes: indication of RAD50 involvement in breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility. J. Med. Genet. 2003; 40(12):e131. doi: 10.1136/jmg.40.12.e131. PMID: 14684699
  102. Heikkinen, K, et al. RAD50 and NBS1 are breast cancer susceptibility genes associated with genomic instability. Carcinogenesis. 2006; 27(8):1593-9. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgi360. PMID: 16474176
  103. Helgadottir, H, et al. High risk of tobacco-related cancers in CDKN2A mutation-positive melanoma families. J. Med. Genet. 2014; 51(8):545-52. PMID: 24935963
  104. Helgason, H, et al. Loss-of-function variants in ATM confer risk of gastric cancer. Nat. Genet. 2015; 47(8):906-10. PMID: 26098866
  105. Hendriks, YM, et al. Cancer risk in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer due to MSH6 mutations: impact on counseling and surveillance. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127(1):17-25. PMID: 15236168
  106. Hill, DA, et al. DICER1 mutations in familial pleuropulmonary blastoma. Science. 2009; 325(5943):965. PMID: 19556464
  107. Hirota, S, et al. Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science. 1998; 279(5350):577-80. PMID: 9438854
  108. Hoffmann, TJ, et al. Imputation of the rare HOXB13 G84E mutation and cancer risk in a large population-based cohort. PLoS Genet. 2015; 11(1):e1004930. PMID: 25629170
  109. Hopper, JL, et al. Population-based estimate of the average age-specific cumulative risk of breast cancer for a defined set of protein-truncating mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Australian Breast Cancer Family Study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1999; 8(9):741-7. PMID: 10498392
  110. Hu, C, et al. Prevalence of pathogenic mutations in cancer predisposition genes among pancreatic cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2015; :None. PMID: 26483394
  111. Huang, H, Cai, B. G84E mutation in HOXB13 is firmly associated with prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol. 2014; 35(2):1177-82. PMID: 24026887
  112. Iqbal, J, et al. The incidence of pancreatic cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Br. J. Cancer. 2012; 107(12):2005-9. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.483. PMID: 23099806
  113. Italiano, A, et al. SDHA loss of function mutations in a subset of young adult wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors. BMC Cancer. 2012; 12:408. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-408. PMID: 22974104
  114. Jaeger, E, et al. Hereditary mixed polyposis syndrome is caused by a 40-kb upstream duplication that leads to increased and ectopic expression of the BMP antagonist GREM1. Nat. Genet. 2012; 44(6):699-703. doi: 10.1038/ng.2263. PMID: 22561515
  115. Janeway, KA, et al. Defects in succinate dehydrogenase in gastrointestinal stromal tumors lacking KIT and PDGFRA mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011; 108(1):314-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009199108. PMID: 21173220
  116. Jasperson, KW, Burt, RW. APC-Associated Polyposis Conditions. 1998 Dec 18. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: PMID: 20301519
  117. Jelinic, P, et al. Recurrent SMARCA4 mutations in small cell carcinoma of the ovary. Nat. Genet. 2014; 46(5):424-6. PMID: 24658004
  118. Jenkins, MA, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in monoallelic and biallelic carriers of MYH mutations: a population-based case-family study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15(2):312-4. PMID: 16492921
  119. Jiang, Q, et al. A novel germline mutation in SDHA identified in a rare case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor complicated with renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015; 8(10):12188-97. PMID: 26722403
  120. Joinson, C, et al. Learning disability and epilepsy in an epidemiological sample of individuals with tuberous sclerosis complex. Psychol Med. 2003; 33(2):335-44. PMID: 12622312
  121. Jones, N, et al. Increased colorectal cancer incidence in obligate carriers of heterozygous mutations in MUTYH. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137(2):489-94, 494.e1; quiz 725-6. PMID: 19394335
  122. Jones, S, et al. Exomic sequencing identifies PALB2 as a pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene. Science. 2009; 324(5924):217. doi: 10.1126/science.1171202. PMID: 19264984
  123. Karlsson, R, et al. A population-based assessment of germline HOXB13 G84E mutation and prostate cancer risk. Eur. Urol. 2014; 65(1):169-76. PMID: 22841674
  124. Karppinen, SM, et al. Nordic collaborative study of the BARD1 Cys557Ser allele in 3956 patients with cancer: enrichment in familial BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation-negative breast cancer but not in other malignancies. J. Med. Genet. 2006; 43(11):856-62. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2006.041731. PMID: 16825437
  125. Kastrinos, F, et al. Risk of pancreatic cancer in families with Lynch syndrome. JAMA. 2009; 302(16):1790-5. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1529. PMID: 19861671
  126. Kaurah, P, Huntsman, DG. Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer. 2002 Nov 04. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1139/ PMID: 20301318
  127. Kaurah, P, et al. Founder and recurrent CDH1 mutations in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. JAMA. 2007; 297(21):2360-72. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.21.2360. PMID: 17545690
  128. Kempers, MJ, et al. Risk of colorectal and endometrial cancers in EPCAM deletion-positive Lynch syndrome: a cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(1):49-55. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70265-5. PMID: 21145788
  129. King, MC, et al. Breast and ovarian cancer risks due to inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. Science. 2003; 302(5645):643-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1088759. PMID: 14576434
  130. Kohlmann, W, Gruber, SB. Lynch Syndrome. 2004 Feb 05. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1211/ PMID: 20301390
  131. Korpershoek, E, et al. SDHA immunohistochemistry detects germline SDHA gene mutations in apparently sporadic paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011; 96(9):E1472-6. PMID: 21752896
  132. Kote-Jarai, Z, et al. Prevalence of the HOXB13 G84E germline mutation in British men and correlation with prostate cancer risk, tumour characteristics and clinical outcomes. Ann. Oncol. 2015; 26(4):756-61. PMID: 25595936
  133. Kuiper, RP, Hoogerbrugge, N. NTHL1 defines novel cancer syndrome. Oncotarget. 2015; 6(33):34069-70. PMID: 26431160
  134. Laken, SJ, et al. Familial colorectal cancer in Ashkenazim due to a hypermutable tract in APC. Nat. Genet. 1997; 17(1):79-83. PMID: 9288102
  135. Lammi, L, et al. Mutations in AXIN2 cause familial tooth agenesis and predispose to colorectal cancer. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004; 74(5):1043-50. doi: 10.1086/386293. PMID: 15042511
  136. Le, Calvez-Kelm, F, et al. RAD51 and breast cancer susceptibility: no evidence for rare variant association in the Breast Cancer Family Registry study. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(12):e52374. PMID: 23300655
  137. Lejeune, S, et al. Low frequency of AXIN2 mutations and high frequency of MUTYH mutations in patients with multiple polyposis. Hum. Mutat. 2006; 27(10):1064. PMID: 16941501
  138. Leoz, ML, et al. The genetic basis of familial adenomatous polyposis and its implications for clinical practice and risk management. Appl Clin Genet. 2015; 8:95-107. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S51484. PMID: 25931827
  139. Leslie, NR, Longy, M. Inherited PTEN mutations and the prediction of phenotype. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2016; 52:30-8. PMID: 26827793
  140. Li, D, et al. The role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 in prostate cancer. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2013; 18:1445-59. PMID: 23747895
  141. Li, J, et al. Point Mutations in Exon 1B of APC Reveal Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Proximal Polyposis of the Stomach as a Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Variant. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2016; 98(5):830-42. PMID: 27087319
  142. Liang, J, et al. APC polymorphisms and the risk of colorectal neoplasia: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013; 177(11):1169-79. PMID: 23576677
  143. Liede, A, et al. Cancer risks for male carriers of germline mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2: a review of the literature. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004; 22(4):735-42. PMID: 14966099
  144. Liu, C, et al. The CHEK2 I157T variant and breast cancer susceptibility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012; 13(4):1355-60. PMID: 22799331
  145. Loveday, C, et al. Germline RAD51C mutations confer susceptibility to ovarian cancer. Nat. Genet. 2012; 44(5):475-6; author reply 476. PMID: 22538716
  146. Loveday, C, et al. Germline mutations in RAD51D confer susceptibility to ovarian cancer. Nat. Genet. 2011; 43(9):879-82. PMID: 21822267
  147. Lubbe, SJ, et al. Clinical implications of the colorectal cancer risk associated with MUTYH mutation. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009; 27(24):3975-80. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2008.21.6853. PMID: 19620482
  148. MacInnis, RJ, et al. Population-based estimate of prostate cancer risk for carriers of the HOXB13 missense mutation G84E. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(2):e54727. PMID: 23457453
  149. Mahdi, H, et al. Germline PTEN, SDHB-D, and KLLN alterations in endometrial cancer patients with Cowden and Cowden-like syndromes: an international, multicenter, prospective study. Cancer. 2015; 121(5):688-96. PMID: 25376524
  150. Maher, ER, et al. von Hippel-Lindau disease: a clinical and scientific review. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2011; 19(6):617-23. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.175. PMID: 21386872
  151. Majewski, IJ, et al. An α-E-catenin (CTNNA1) mutation in hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. J. Pathol. 2013; 229(4):621-9. doi: 10.1002/path.4152. PMID: 23208944
  152. Marsh, DJ, et al. PTEN mutation spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations in Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome suggest a single entity with Cowden syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999; 8(8):1461-72. PMID: 10400993
  153. Marvin, ML, et al. AXIN2-associated autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia and neoplastic syndrome. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2011; 155A(4):898-902. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33927. PMID: 21416598
  154. Masciari, S, et al. Gastric cancer in individuals with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Genet. Med. 2011; 13(7):651-7. doi: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e31821628b6. PMID: 21552135
  155. Mazzoni, SM, et al. An AXIN2 Mutant Allele Associated With Predisposition to Colorectal Neoplasia Has Context-Dependent Effects on AXIN2 Protein Function. Neoplasia. 2015; 17(5):463-72. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2015.04.006. PMID: 26025668
  156. McGarrity, TJ, et al. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome. 2001 Feb 23. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1266/ PMID: 20301443
  157. McWilliams, RR, et al. Prevalence of CDKN2A mutations in pancreatic cancer patients: implications for genetic counseling. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2011; 19(4):472-8. PMID: 21150883
  158. Meindl, A, et al. Germline mutations in breast and ovarian cancer pedigrees establish RAD51C as a human cancer susceptibility gene. Nat. Genet. 2010; 42(5):410-4. PMID: 20400964
  159. Mester, J, Charis, E. PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015; 132:129-37. PMID: 26564076
  160. Mester, J, Eng, C. Cowden syndrome: recognizing and managing a not-so-rare hereditary cancer syndrome. J Surg Oncol. 2015; 111(1):125-30. PMID: 25132236
  161. Metcalfe, K, et al. Contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J. Clin. Oncol. 2004; 22(12):2328-35. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2004.04.033. PMID: 15197194
  162. Miedlich, S, et al. Familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism--a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 variant?. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2001; 145(2):155-60. PMID: 11454510
  163. Miettinen, M, Lasota, J. Succinate dehydrogenase deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) - a review. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2014; 53:514-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.033. PMID: 24886695
  164. Minion, LE, et al. Hereditary predisposition to ovarian cancer, looking beyond BRCA1/BRCA2. Gynecol. Oncol. 2015; 137(1):86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2015.01.537. PMID: 25622547
  165. Mohelnikova-Duchonova, B, et al. CHEK2 gene alterations in the forkhead-associated domain, 1100delC and del5395 do not modify the risk of sporadic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. 2010; 34(5):656-8. doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2010.06.008. PMID: 20643596
  166. Moran, A, et al. Risk of cancer other than breast or ovarian in individuals with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Fam. Cancer. 2012; 11(2):235-42. PMID: 22187320
  167. Na, R, et al. Germline Mutations in ATM and BRCA1/2 Distinguish Risk for Lethal and Indolent Prostate Cancer and are Associated with Early Age at Death. Eur. Urol. 2017; 71(5):740-747. PMID: 27989354
  168. Nathan, N, et al. Mosaic Disorders of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT/TSC/mTORC1 Signaling Pathway. Dermatol Clin. 2017; 35(1):51-60. PMID: 27890237
  169. National Comprehensive Cancer Network®, Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Genetic/Familial High Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian Version 3.2019. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp Accessed September 2019
  170. National Library of Medicine Genetics Home Reference. Prostate cancer. Accessed January 2018.
  171. Neklason, DW, et al. American founder mutation for attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008; 6(1):46-52. PMID: 18063416
  172. Neumann, HP, et al. Distinct clinical features of paraganglioma syndromes associated with SDHB and SDHD gene mutations. JAMA. 2004; 292(8):943-51. PMID: 15328326
  173. Ni, Y, et al. Germline SDHx variants modify breast and thyroid cancer risks in Cowden and Cowden-like syndrome via FAD/NAD-dependant destabilization of p53. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012; 21(2):300-10. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr459. PMID: 21979946
  174. Ni, Y, et al. Germline mutations and variants in the succinate dehydrogenase genes in Cowden and Cowden-like syndromes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2008; 83(2):261-8. PMID: 18678321
  175. Northrup, H, et al. Tuberous sclerosis complex diagnostic criteria update: recommendations of the 2012 Iinternational Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Consensus Conference. Pediatr. Neurol. 2013; 49(4):243-54. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2013.08.001. PMID: 24053982
  176. Norton, JA, et al. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia: Genetics and Clinical Management. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2015; 24(4):795-832. PMID: 26363542
  177. Obermair, A, et al. Risk of endometrial cancer for women diagnosed with HNPCC-related colorectal carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 2010; 127(11):2678-84. PMID: 20533284
  178. Olivier, M, et al. Li-Fraumeni and related syndromes: correlation between tumor type, family structure, and TP53 genotype. Cancer Res. 2003; 63(20):6643-50. PMID: 14583457
  179. Olsen, JH, et al. Breast and other cancers in 1445 blood relatives of 75 Nordic patients with ataxia telangiectasia. Br. J. Cancer. 2005; 93(2):260-5. PMID: 15942625
  180. Osorio, A, et al. Predominance of pathogenic missense variants in the RAD51C gene occurring in breast and ovarian cancer families. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012; 21(13):2889-98. doi: 10.1093/hmg/dds115. PMID: 22451500
  181. Ow, GS, et al. Identification of two poorly prognosed ovarian carcinoma subtypes associated with CHEK2 germ-line mutation and non-CHEK2 somatic mutation gene signatures. Cell Cycle. 2014; 13(14):2262-80. doi: 10.4161/cc.29271. PMID: 24879340
  182. Pachlopnik, Schmid, J, et al. Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ("FILS syndrome"). J. Exp. Med. 2012; 209(13):2323-30. PMID: 23230001
  183. Pakkanen, S, et al. PALB2 variants in hereditary and unselected Finnish prostate cancer cases. J Negat Results Biomed. 2009; 8:12. PMID: 20003494
  184. Palles, C, et al. Germline mutations affecting the proofreading domains of POLE and POLD1 predispose to colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Nat. Genet. 2013; 45(2):136-44. PMID: 23263490
  185. Pan, KF, et al. Mutations in components of the Wnt signaling pathway in gastric cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(10):1570-4. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.1570. PMID: 18330950
  186. Pannett, AA, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) germline mutations in familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf). 2003; 58(5):639-46. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01765.x. PMID: 12699448
  187. Pantaleo, MA, et al. Analysis of all subunits, SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, of the succinate dehydrogenase complex in KIT/PDGFRA wild-type GIST. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; 22(1):32-9. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.80. PMID: 23612575
  188. Pantaleo, MA, et al. SDHA loss-of-function mutations in KIT-PDGFRA wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumors identified by massively parallel sequencing. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2011; 103(12):983-7. PMID: 21505157
  189. Pasini, B, et al. Clinical and molecular genetics of patients with the Carney-Stratakis syndrome and germline mutations of the genes coding for the succinate dehydrogenase subunits SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2008; 16(1):79-88. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201904. PMID: 17667967
  190. Peczkowska, M, et al. Extra-adrenal and adrenal pheochromocytomas associated with a germline SDHC mutation. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 4(2):111-5. PMID: 18212813
  191. Pelttari, LM, et al. A Finnish founder mutation in RAD51D: analysis in breast, ovarian, prostate, and colorectal cancer. J. Med. Genet. 2012; 49(7):429-32. PMID: 22652533
  192. Pelttari, LM, et al. RAD51C is a susceptibility gene for ovarian cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011; 20(16):3278-88. PMID: 21616938
  193. Pharoah, PD, et al. Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. Gastroenterology. 2001; 121(6):1348-53. doi: 10.1053/gast.2001.29611. PMID: 11729114
  194. Phelan, CM, et al. Incidence of colorectal cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: results from a follow-up study. Br. J. Cancer. 2014; 110(2):530-4. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.741. PMID: 24292448
  195. Pilarski, R, et al. Cowden syndrome and the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome: systematic review and revised diagnostic criteria. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2013; 105(21):1607-16. PMID: 24136893
  196. Pollock, J, Welsh, JS. Clinical cancer genetics: Part I: Gastrointestinal. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 34(3):332-6. doi: 10.1097/COC.0b013e3181dea432. PMID: 20859198
  197. Postow, MA, Robson, ME. Inherited gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndromes: mutations, clinical features, and therapeutic implications. Clin Sarcoma Res. 2012; 2(1):16. doi: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-16. PMID: 23036227
  198. Poumpouridou, N, Kroupis, C. Hereditary breast cancer: beyond BRCA genetic analysis; PALB2 emerges. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2012; 50(3):423-34. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2011-0840. PMID: 22505525
  199. Pritchard, CC. et al. Inherited DNA-Repair Gene Mutations in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer. NEJM, 2016 PMID: 27433846
  200. Rafnar, T, et al. Mutations in BRIP1 confer high risk of ovarian cancer. Nat. Genet. 2011; 43(11):1104-7. PMID: 21964575
  201. Rahman, N, et al. PALB2, which encodes a BRCA2-interacting protein, is a breast cancer susceptibility gene. Nat. Genet. 2007; 39(2):165-7. doi: 10.1038/ng1959. PMID: 17200668
  202. Ramos, P, et al. Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type, displays frequent inactivating germline and somatic mutations in SMARCA4. Nat. Genet. 2014; 46(5):427-9. doi: 10.1038/ng.2928. PMID: 24658001
  203. Ramus, SJ, et al. Germline Mutations in the BRIP1, BARD1, PALB2, and NBN Genes in Women With Ovarian Cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2015; 107(11):None. PMID: 26315354
  204. Ratajska, M, et al. Cancer predisposing BARD1 mutations in breast-ovarian cancer families. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012; 131(1):89-97. doi: 10.1007/s10549-011-1403-8. PMID: 21344236
  205. Raymond, VM, et al. Elevated risk of prostate cancer among men with Lynch syndrome. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013; 31(14):1713-8. PMID: 23530095
  206. Rennert, G, et al. MutYH mutation carriers have increased breast cancer risk. Cancer. 2012; 118(8):1989-93. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26506. PMID: 21952991
  207. Renwick, A, et al. ATM mutations that cause ataxia-telangiectasia are breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat. Genet. 2006; 38(8):873-5. doi: 10.1038/ng1837. PMID: 16832357
  208. Repak, R, et al. The first European family with gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach: case report and review of the literature. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2016; 84(4):718-25. PMID: 27343414
  209. Resnick, IB, et al. 657del5 mutation in the gene for Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS1) in a cohort of Russian children with lymphoid tissue malignancies and controls. Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 2003; 120A(2):174-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20188. PMID: 12833396
  210. Ricci, R, et al. PDGFRA-mutant syndrome. Mod. Pathol. 2015; 28(7):954-64. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.56. PMID: 25975287
  211. Richards, FM, et al. Germline E-cadherin gene (CDH1) mutations predispose to familial gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999; 8(4):607-10. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.4.607. PMID: 10072428
  212. Ricketts, C, et al. Germline SDHB mutations and familial renal cell carcinoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2008; 100(17):1260-2. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djn254. PMID: 18728283
  213. Ricketts, CJ, et al. Succinate dehydrogenase kidney cancer: an aggressive example of the Warburg effect in cancer. J. Urol. 2012; 188(6):2063-71. PMID: 23083876
  214. Riegert-Johnson, DL, et al. Cancer and Lhermitte-Duclos disease are common in Cowden syndrome patients. Hered Cancer Clin Pract. 2010; 8(1):6. PMID: 20565722
  215. Rio, Frio, T, et al. DICER1 mutations in familial multinodular goiter with and without ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors. JAMA. 2011; 305(1):68-77. doi: 10.1001/jama.2010.1910. PMID: 21205968
  216. Rivera, B, et al. A novel AXIN2 germline variant associated with attenuated FAP without signs of oligondontia or ectodermal dysplasia. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014; 22(3):423-6. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.146. PMID: 23838596
  217. Rivera, B, et al. Biallelic NTHL1 Mutations in a Woman with Multiple Primary Tumors. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 373(20):1985-6. PMID: 26559593
  218. Roberts, NJ, et al. ATM mutations in patients with hereditary pancreatic cancer. Cancer Discov. 2012; 2(1):41-6. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0194. PMID: 22585167
  219. Robson, ME, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology policy statement update: genetic and genomic testing for cancer susceptibility. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010; 28(5):893-901. PMID: 20065170
  220. Rohlin, A, et al. A mutation in POLE predisposing to a multi-tumour phenotype. Int. J. Oncol. 2014; 45(1):77-81. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2410. PMID: 24788313
  221. Ruijs, MW, et al. TP53 germline mutation testing in 180 families suspected of Li-Fraumeni syndrome: mutation detection rate and relative frequency of cancers in different familial phenotypes. J. Med. Genet. 2010; 47(6):421-8. PMID: 20522432
  222. Ryan, S, et al. Risk of prostate cancer in Lynch syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2014; 23(3):437-49. PMID: 24425144
  223. Schiavi, F, et al. Predictors and prevalence of paraganglioma syndrome associated with mutations of the SDHC gene. JAMA. 2005; 294(16):2057-63. PMID: 16249420
  224. Schneider, K, et al. Li-Fraumeni Syndrome. 1999 Jan 19. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle. PMID: 20301488
  225. Seal, S, et al. Truncating mutations in the Fanconi anemia J gene BRIP1 are low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Nat. Genet. 2006; 38(11):1239-41. PMID: 17033622
  226. Senter, L, et al. The clinical phenotype of Lynch syndrome due to germ-line PMS2 mutations. Gastroenterology. 2008; 135(2):419-28. PMID: 18602922
  227. Shepherd, CW, et al. Causes of death in patients with tuberous sclerosis. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1991; 66(8):792-6. PMID: 1861550
  228. Sieber, OM, et al. Disease severity and genetic pathways in attenuated familial adenomatous polyposis vary greatly but depend on the site of the germline mutation. Gut. 2006; 55(10):1440-8. PMID: 16461775
  229. Skeldon, SC, et al. Patients with Lynch syndrome mismatch repair gene mutations are at higher risk for not only upper tract urothelial cancer but also bladder cancer. Eur. Urol. 2013; 63(2):379-85. PMID: 22883484
  230. Slade, I, et al. DICER1 syndrome: clarifying the diagnosis, clinical features and management implications of a pleiotropic tumour predisposition syndrome. J. Med. Genet. 2011; 48(4):273-8. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2010.083790. PMID: 21266384
  231. Slater, EP, et al. PALB2 mutations in European familial pancreatic cancer families. Clin. Genet. 2010; 78(5):490-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01425.x. PMID: 20412113
  232. Smith, CG, et al. Exome resequencing identifies potential tumor-suppressor genes that predispose to colorectal cancer. Hum. Mutat. 2013; 34(7):1026-34. doi: 10.1002/humu.22333. PMID: 23585368
  233. Song, H, et al. Contribution of Germline Mutations in the RAD51B, RAD51C, and RAD51D Genes to Ovarian Cancer in the Population. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; :None. PMID: 26261251
  234. Southey, MC, et al. PALB2, CHEK2 and ATM rare variants and cancer risk: data from COGS. J. Med. Genet. 2016; :None. PMID: 27595995
  235. Spier, I, et al. Frequency and phenotypic spectrum of germline mutations in POLE and seven other polymerase genes in 266 patients with colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer. 2015; 137(2):320-31. PMID: 25529843
  236. Spirio, L, et al. Alleles of the APC gene: an attenuated form of familial polyposis. Cell. 1993; 75(5):951-7. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90538-2. PMID: 8252630
  237. Sredni, ST, Tomita, T. Rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome. Pediatr. Dev. Pathol. 2015; 18(1):49-58. doi: 10.2350/14-07-1531-MISC.1. PMID: 25494491
  238. Stadler, ZK, et al. Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Ashkenazi Jewish families with breast and pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 2012; 118(2):493-9. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26191. PMID: 21598239
  239. Steffen, J, et al. Germline mutations 657del5 of the NBS1 gene contribute significantly to the incidence of breast cancer in Central Poland. Int. J. Cancer. 2006; 119(2):472-5. PMID: 16770759
  240. Steffen, J, et al. Increased cancer risk of heterozygotes with NBS1 germline mutations in Poland. Int. J. Cancer. 2004; 111(1):67-71. doi: 10.1002/ijc.20239. PMID: 15185344
  241. Stenzinger, A, et al. Mutations in POLE and survival of colorectal cancer patients–link to disease stage and treatment. Cancer Med. 2014; 3(6):1527-38. doi: 10.1002/cam4.305. PMID: 25124163
  242. Stott-Miller, M, et al. HOXB13 mutations in a population-based, case-control study of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2013; 73(6):634-41. PMID: 23129385
  243. Struewing, JP, et al. The risk of cancer associated with specific mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 among Ashkenazi Jews. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997; 336(20):1401-8. PMID: 9145676
  244. Syngal, S, et al. ACG clinical guideline: Genetic testing and management of hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2015; 110(2):223-62; quiz 263. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.435. PMID: 25645574
  245. Tai, YC, et al. Breast cancer risk among male BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2007; 99(23):1811-4. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djm203. PMID: 18042939
  246. Tan, MH, et al. Lifetime cancer risks in individuals with germline PTEN mutations. Clin. Cancer Res. 2012; 18(2):400-7. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2283. PMID: 22252256
  247. Teodorczyk, U, et al. The risk of gastric cancer in carriers of CHEK2 mutations. Fam. Cancer. 2013; 12(3):473-8. doi: 10.1007/s10689-012-9599-2. PMID: 23296741
  248. Thakker, RV, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012; 97(9):2990-3011. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1230. PMID: 22723327
  249. Thakker, RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and type 4 (MEN4). Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 2014; 386(1-2):2-15. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.08.002. PMID: 23933118
  250. Thakker, RV. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 16(Suppl 2):S272-4. PMID: 23565397
  251. Thiffault, I, et al. A patient with polymerase E1 deficiency (POLE1): clinical features and overlap with DNA breakage/instability syndromes. BMC Med. Genet. 2015; 16:31. PMID: 25948378
  252. Thompson, D, et al. A multicenter study of cancer incidence in CHEK2 1100delC mutation carriers. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2006; 15(12):2542-5. PMID: 17164383
  253. Thompson, D, et al. Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2002; 94(18):1358-65. doi: 10.1093/jnci/94.18.1358. PMID: 12237281
  254. Thompson, D, et al. Cancer risks and mortality in heterozygous ATM mutation carriers. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005; 97(11):813-22. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dji141. PMID: 15928302
  255. Thompson, ER, et al. Analysis of RAD51D in ovarian cancer patients and families with a history of ovarian or breast cancer. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(1):e54772. PMID: 23372765
  256. Tischkowitz, M, et al. Analysis of the gene coding for the BRCA2-interacting protein PALB2 in hereditary prostate cancer. Prostate. 2008; 68(6):675-8. PMID: 18288683
  257. Toss, A, et al. Hereditary ovarian cancer: not only BRCA 1 and 2 genes. Biomed Res Int. 2015; 2015:341723. doi: 10.1155/2015/341723. PMID: 26075229
  258. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. What is Your Prostate? http://archive.ahrq.gov/patients-consumers/prevention/understanding/bodysys/edbody13.html Accessed January 2018.
  259. Valle, L, et al. New insights into POLE and POLD1 germline mutations in familial colorectal cancer and polyposis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2014; 23(13):3506-12. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu058. PMID: 24501277
  260. Varga, EA, et al. The prevalence of PTEN mutations in a clinical pediatric cohort with autism spectrum disorders, developmental delay, and macrocephaly. Genet. Med. 2009; 11(2):111-7. PMID: 19265751
  261. Vasen, HF, et al. Revised guidelines for the clinical management of Lynch syndrome (HNPCC): recommendations by a group of European experts. Gut. 2013; 62(6):812-23. PMID: 23408351
  262. Vasen, HF, et al. Risk of developing pancreatic cancer in families with familial atypical multiple mole melanoma associated with a specific 19 deletion of p16 (p16-Leiden). Int. J. Cancer. 2000; 87(6):809-11. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)84701-0. PMID: 10956390
  263. Vaz, F, et al. Mutation of the RAD51C gene in a Fanconi anemia-like disorder. Nat. Genet. 2010; 42(5):406-9. PMID: 20400963
  264. Villablanca, A, et al. Involvement of the MEN1 gene locus in familial isolated hyperparathyroidism. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2002; 147(3):313-22. PMID: 12213668
  265. Vogt, S, et al. Expanded extracolonic tumor spectrum in MUTYH-associated polyposis. Gastroenterology. 2009; 137(6):1976-85.e1-10. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.052. PMID: 19732775
  266. Walsh, T, et al. Mutations in 12 genes for inherited ovarian, fallopian tube, and peritoneal carcinoma identified by massively parallel sequencing. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011; 108(44):18032-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1115052108. PMID: 22006311
  267. Wasielewski, M, et al. CHEK2 1100delC and male breast cancer in the Netherlands. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2009; 116(2):397-400. PMID: 18759107
  268. Watson, GA, et al. Get the GIST? An overview of gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Ir J Med Sci. 2016; :None. PMID: 26833487
  269. Weedon, MN, et al. An in-frame deletion at the polymerase active site of POLD1 causes a multisystem disorder with lipodystrophy. Nat. Genet. 2013; 45(8):947-50. doi: 10.1038/ng.2670. PMID: 23770608
  270. Weischer, M, et al. CHEK2*1100delC genotyping for clinical assessment of breast cancer risk: meta-analyses of 26,000 patient cases and 27,000 controls. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008; 26(4):542-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.5922. PMID: 18172190
  271. Weren, RD, et al. A germline homozygous mutation in the base-excision repair gene NTHL1 causes adenomatous polyposis and colorectal cancer. Nat. Genet. 2015; :None. PMID: 25938944
  272. Williamson, SR, et al. Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma: detailed characterization of 11 tumors defining a unique subtype of renal cell carcinoma. Mod. Pathol. 2015; 28(1):80-94. PMID: 25034258
  273. Win, AK, et al. Cancer risks for monoallelic MUTYH mutation carriers with a family history of colorectal cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 2011; 129(9):2256-62. doi: 10.1002/ijc.25870. PMID: 21171015
  274. Win, AK, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer for carriers of mutations in MUTYH, with and without a family history of cancer. Gastroenterology. 2014; 146(5):1208-11.e1-5. PMID: 24444654
  275. Witkowski, L, et al. Familial rhabdoid tumour 'avant la lettre'--from pathology review to exome sequencing and back again. J. Pathol. 2013; 231(1):35-43. PMID: 23775540
  276. Witkowski, L, et al. Germline and somatic SMARCA4 mutations characterize small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. Nat. Genet. 2014; 46(5):438-43. doi: 10.1038/ng.2931. PMID: 24658002
  277. Wong, P, et al. Prevalence of early onset colorectal cancer in 397 patients with classic Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130(1):73-9. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.10.014. PMID: 16401470
  278. Wong, S, et al. Novel missense mutations in the AXIN2 gene associated with non-syndromic oligodontia. Arch. Oral Biol. 2014; 59(3):349-53. PMID: 24581859
  279. Worthley, DL, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS): a new autosomal dominant syndrome. Gut. 2012; 61(5):774-9. PMID: 21813476
  280. Wu, Y, et al. DICER1 mutations in a patient with an ovarian Sertoli-Leydig tumor, well-differentiated fetal adenocarcinoma of the lung, and familial multinodular goiter. Eur J Med Genet. 2014; 57(11-12):621-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.09.008. PMID: 25451712
  281. Xiang, HP, et al. Meta-analysis of CHEK2 1100delC variant and colorectal cancer susceptibility. Eur. J. Cancer. 2011; 47(17):2546-51. PMID: 21807500
  282. Xu, J, et al. HOXB13 is a susceptibility gene for prostate cancer: results from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG). Hum. Genet. 2013; 132(1):5-14. PMID: 23064873
  283. Zhang, B, et al. Genetic variants associated with breast-cancer risk: comprehensive research synopsis, meta-analysis, and epidemiological evidence. Lancet Oncol. 2011; 12(5):477-88. PMID: 21514219
  284. de, Raedt, T, et al. Intestinal neurofibromatosis is a subtype of familial GIST and results from a dominant activating mutation in PDGFRA. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131(6):1907-12. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.07.002. PMID: 17087943
  285. di, Masi, A, Antoccia, A. NBS1 Heterozygosity and Cancer Risk. Curr. Genomics. 2008; 9(4):275-81. doi: 10.2174/138920208784533610. PMID: 19452044
  286. van Leeuwaarde RS, et al. Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome. 2000 May 17. In: Pagon, RA, et al, editors. GeneReviews (Internet). University of Washington, Seattle; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1463/ PMID: 20301636
  287. van, Asperen, CJ, et al. Cancer risks in BRCA2 families: estimates for sites other than breast and ovary. J. Med. Genet. 2005; 42(9):711-9. PMID: 16141007
  288. van, Lier, MG, et al. High cancer risk in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: a systematic review and surveillance recommendations. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010; 105(6):1258-64; author reply 1265. PMID: 20051941
  289. van, Os, NJ, et al. Health risks for ataxia-telangiectasia mutated heterozygotes: A systematic review, Meta-analysis and evidence-based guideline. Clin. Genet. 2015; :None. PMID: 26662178
  290. van, der, Luijt, RB, et al. APC mutation in the alternatively spliced region of exon 9 associated with late onset familial adenomatous polyposis. Hum. Genet. 1995; 96(6):705-10. PMID: 8522331
  291. van, der, Post, RS, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated clinical guidelines with an emphasis on germline CDH1 mutation carriers. J. Med. Genet. 2015; 52(6):361-74. doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2015-103094. PMID: 25979631

Headquarters | 458 Brannan Street, San Francisco, CA 94107

Laboratory & Shipping | 475 Brannan Street, Suite 230, San Francisco, CA 94107 | www.invitae.com

In the US | clientservices@invitae.com | p: 800-436-3037 | f: 415-276-4164

Outside the US | globalsupport@invitae.com or visit www.invitae.com/contact

©2015 Invitae Corp. All rights reserved.